Industrial Pharmacy 2 (BP 702 T) Notes

Description

                    BP 702 T. INDUSTRIAL PHARMACYII (Theory)

UNIT-I PILOT PLANT SCALE UP TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION:

 The Pilot plant is a Hybrid Development facility and Manufacturing unit, which integrates
followings;
 Development,
 Early development activities,
 Clinical supply manufacture,
 Technology evaluation,
 Scale up and
 Transfer to production sites,
 A pilot plant can also be defined as the pre-commercial production system which includes
new production technology and produces small volumes of new technology-based products
(Fig 1).
 Scale-up is the process of increasing the batch size or a procedure for applying the same
process to different output volumes.
 The Pilot plant studies must include;
 Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) environment,
 Highly trained and skilled staffs,
 Equipment support,
 Facility of through and close examination of the formula.
 The factors that must be determine for successful product scale up are;
 The requirements,
 Training,
 The reporting relationships,
 Responsibility of personnel.
 The pilot plant, production and process control must be evaluated, validated and finalized
during the scale up.
 The pilot plantplays an important role in the technology evaluation, scale up and transfer
activities of new products.
Pilot plant scale up activities:
 The major activities takes place during scale up in early development phase are;
 Technical aspects of process development,
 Technical aspects of scale up,
 Organisation responsibility
 Determination of responsibility of technology transfer team,
 Technology transfer documentation,
 FDA pre-approval inspection preparation.
Major technical aspects:
 The scale up of pilot plant includes major technical aspects that are;
 In early development,
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o Identification of critical components,
o Control of critical components,
o Identification of formulation variables,
o Control of formulation variables,
 Simulating the pilot plant equipment with manufacturing areas equipment.
 Identification of critical process parameters.
 Identification of operating ranges for the pilot plant equipment
 Collection of data of Product and process.
Objectives of Pilot plant scale up:
 Avoidance of the problems associated with the scale-up.
 Production and process controls guidelines preparation.
 To identify the critical features of the process
 Preparation and providing of Master Manufacturing Formula for manufacturing.
 Evaluation and Validation for process and equipment.
 Examination of the formula to assess the batch stability.
Significance of Pilot Plant:
 Standardization of formulae.
 Review of range of relevant processing equipment.
 Optimization and control of production rate.
 Information on infrastructure of equipment during the scale up batches.
 Information of batches physical space required for equipment.
 Identification of critical features to maintain quality of a product.
 Appropriate records and reports to support GMP.

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Fig 1. The layout of the relationship between different activities during technology transfers
from the pilot plant to the production facility.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Reporting Responsibility:
 The objective of the reporting responsibility in Pilot plant is to facilitate the transfer of a
product from the laboratory into production.
 The effectiveness of Pilot plant is determined by the ease with which the new product or
process is brought into routine production.
 This could be possible if a good relationship exists between the pilot plant group with other
groups (Research & Development, Processing, Packaging, Engineering, Quality Assurance,
Quality Control, Regulatory and Packaging) of the company.
 The formulator who developed the product can take the product into the production.
 The formulator continues to provide the support to the other departments even after the
transition into the production has been completed.
Personnel requirements:
 The Qualification required for a person to work in pilot plant organization are;
 Good theoretical knowledge on blending
 Pharmaceutical industry experiences.
 Ability to develop good relationships with other personnel.
 Good communication skill (Writing and speaking).
 Practical Experiences in production areas about formulation, process and equipment.
 Should be able to understand the intent of the formulator and perspective of production
personnel.
 Must have minimum knowledge on Engineering, Electronic and Computer.
 Must have knowledge on Physical, Chemical, Biochemical and Medical attributes of
dosage form.
 Must be aware on the principle of GMP Practices.
 The individual responsibilities should be clearly understood by the individuals, which must be
recorded.
Space requirements:
The space required in pilot plant is divided into 4 areas that are as follows;
 Administration and information area:
 Adequate office and desk space should be provided for both scientists and technicians.
 The space should be adjacent to the working area.
 Physical testing area:
 This area should provide permanent bench top space for routinely used physical- testing
equipment.
 Standard equipment and floor space:
 The sufficient specified space must be there for free installation, operation and easy
maintenance of the equipment.
 Storage area:
 Storage area for in process materials, finished bulk products, retained samples,
experimental production batches, packaging materials (segregated into approved and
unapproved areas).

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 Controlled environment space allocated for storage of stability samples.
 Separate provisions for API and excipients further segregated into approved and
unapproved areas according to GMP.
Training:
 The various departments that are responsible for compliance of GMP are;
 Engineering
 Quality control
 Material handling
 Warehousing and distribution
 Purchasing.
 Depending on complexity of the job, each person involved in manufacturing, Processing,
packaging and holding of a drug product, must receive the GMP and other specific training.
 The employee those need training are divided into the following categories;
 New employees.
 Those employees who are assigned with a new job.
 Those employee whose performance a task falls below required standard.
The employee get trained on following activities as per the GMP and FDA guidelines that are;
 Technical environment
 Dealing with potent or dangerous chemicals
 Working with system of weights and measures
 Checking of manufacturing steps, containers, equipment and drying racks.
 Identification of packaging.
 Proper stock rotation system.
 Raw material inspection.
 Quality validation.
Review of the Formula:
 The objective of each ingredient and its contribution to the final product manufactured on
small scale equipment must be thoroughly understood.
 The modification in formulation during the scale up is possible to be done in phase III trial, so
that sufficient time could be available for generation of meaningful long term stability data in
support of a proposed New Drug Application (NDA).
Raw materials:
 One major responsibility of a Pilot plant is the approval and validation of active and excipient
raw materials used in the Pharmaceutical products.
 This is because the raw materials used during the small scale formulation trials may not be
representative of the large volume shipment of material due to change in raw materials
properties like particle size, shape, morphology, bulk density, static charges, rate of solubility,
flow property and colour.
 An alternative supplier must be arranged as stand by basis which must validate the batches for
manufactured products.
Relevant Processing Equipment:
 The selection criteria for one equipment to produce effective product within the proposed
specifications are equipment must be economic, simple (In installation, handling, cleaning
and maintenance), efficient and most capable of consistently producing a product.
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 The size of the equipment should be such that experimental trials can be run that are
meaningful and relevant to the production sized batches.
Production Rate:
 For determination of production rate, size and type of equipment required, the immediate and
future market requirement must be considered.
 The selection of process and equipment to produce batches at a frequency need following
considerations that are;
 The time required to clean the equipment between the batches.
 The product loss in the equipment during the manufacture.
 The number of batches that need to be tested before release of product.
Process Evaluation:
 Things that should be critically examined during the Process Evaluation are;
 Order of addition of the components including adjustment of their amount.
 Mixing speed ant time.
 Rate addition of granulating agent, solvents and drug solutions.
 Heating and cooling rates.
 Filter size for liquids.
 Type and nature of filter media used for liquids.
 Screening size for solids.
 Drying temperature and time.
 Fan speed.
 The basis for process optimization and validation is the knowledge on effect of above
mentioned parameters on the in process and finished product quality.
 The objective of process validation to ensure the selected process could be able to produce
quality products at various critical stages of production.
 This is possible by critically monitoring the within the batch variation of measurable
parameters like content uniformity, moisture content and compressibility.
 Some measurable change in the materials may take place during the processes like milling,
mixing, heating, cooling, drying, sterilizing, compacting and filling, should be evaluated.
 The process remains validated only if there is no change in the formula, quality of the
ingredients and equipment configuration.
 The manufacturing process and quality control information should be reviewed on an annual
basis and should be followed by re-validation to ensure that changes have not occurred.
Preparation of Master Manufacturing Procedure:
The Master Manufacturing Procedure includes followings;
 The Process or Manufacturing Direction.
 Process direction should be precise and explicit.
 Must be written in a simple manner which should be easily understood by the operator.
 The Chemical Weight Sheet.
 Identification of chemical required.
 Quantities of chemical to be added.
 Order of chemicals to be added.
 The name and Identification number of the ingredient must be mentioned.
 The Sampling Direction.
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 Time of sampling of finished product.
 Manner of sampling of finished products.
 The Batch record direction.
 The batch record directions should include specification for addition rates, mixing times,
mixing speeds, heating and cooling rates and temperature.
 The In-Process Specification.
 Must mention a simple and easy access specification for easy understanding of operators.
 The Finished Product Specification.
 The drug in the dose specified.
 The self-life of the product.
 The capability of the process.
 The reliability of the test methods.
 The stability kinetics of the product.
The periodic revalidation, GMP and monitoring of finished product test results via control charts
are essential to maintaining consistent product quality.
GMP Consideration:
 The check list of the GMP items that should be a part of the scale-up or new product or
process introduction including following;
 Equipment qualification.
 Process Validation.
 Regulatory schedule preventive maintenance.
 Regular process review and revalidation.
 Relevant writing standard operating procedures.
 The use of competent, technically qualified personnel.
 Adequate provision for training of personnel.
 A well-defined technology transfer system.
 Validated cleaning procedures.
 Arrangement of material to avoid cross contamination.
Transfer of Analytical Methods to Quality Assurance:
 Analytical methods developed in research must be transferred to the QA department.
 Transfer process includes the following aspects;
 Review the process to make sure that the proper analytical instrument is available.
 Personnel should be trained to perform the test.
 Reliability of the test should be checked.
 At last assay procedure should be reviewed before transfer.

PILOT PLANT SCALE UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR SOLIDS:
 The following points to be carefully consider during scaling up the solid dosage forms;
 Batch size from intermediate to large scale production.
 Each stage of operation.
 Different types of equipment.
 Use of sophisticated instruments with larger volume load.
 Various sizes of equipment.

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Material Handling:
The handling of materials is quite different and necessary to handle carefully in medium and
large scale production from the laboratory scale (Mostly poured by hand or scooped).
 The characteristics of materials like density, size, shape and static charge must be taken into
consideration while adopting the processing steps like;
 Lifting and tilting of drums,
 Vacuum loading system,
 Screw feeding systems,
 Metering pump systems.
 Any material handling system must deliver the accurate amount of the ingredient to the
destination.
 The cross contamination must be prevented if a system uses transfer of materials for more
than one product step.
 This is accomplished by use of validated cleaning procedure for the equipment.
Chemical Weighing:
 The incorrect ingredients and quantities may lead to cross contamination and misbranded
brand during chemical weighing.
 A central weighing department should have for all the processing areas due to following
advantages;
 Centralization of responsibility,
 Avoidance of duplicating weighing facility,
 Lower labour cost.
 A chemical weighing department should be designed to provide supervision, checkers,
lightening, dust collection, adequate sanitation, proper weighing equipment, supply of sink
and drain board, cabinets, vacuum supply system, printing scale facility and meters for
liquids.
 For weighing of dye and high potent drugs, a separate room must be equipped.
Tablet blending and Granulation:
Blending and Granulation:
 Powders to be used for encapsulation or to be granulated must be well blended to ensure good
drug distribution.
 Inadequate blending at this stage could result in discrete portions of the batch being either
high or low in potency to avoid drug content variation.
 Steps should also be taken to ensure that all the ingredients are free of.
 The lumps and agglomerates can be removed by doing screening or milling of the ingredients
should be done to avoid flow problems, non-reproducible compression and encapsulation
process, to facilitate content uniformity of the product.
 In blending, segregation and mixing operation takes place which depends on particle size,
shape, hardness and density.
Dry Blending and Direct Compression:
 Different blenders used in blending are V- blender, double cone blender, Ribbon blender,
Slant coneblender, Bin blender, Orbiting screw blenders, vertical and horizontal high intensity
mixers.

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 The factors affect the optimization of blending operation of directly compressible materials
are;
 The order of addition of components to the blender.
 The mixing speed – Planetary type mixer, Tumbling Mixer, Cone Type Mixer.
 The mixing time –It affects compressibility of Finished Material.
 The use of auxiliary dispersion equipment with the mixer – Use chopper cell in Twin Shell
Mixer.
 The mixing action – Determined by the Mechanics of the Mixer.
 The blender loads Optimum working volume and normal working range.
Slugging (Dry Granulation):
 The dry powder cannot be compressed directly due to poor flow and compression properties.
 The slugging is done by using the Tablet Press of 15 tonnes.
 After compression, slugs are broken down by Hammer Mill with suitable particle size
distribution.
 The granulation by dry compaction can also be achieved by passing powders between two
roller which put pressure of 10 Tonnes per linear inch.
Wet Granulation:
 The most common reasons given to justify granulating are;
 To impart good flow properties to the material,
 To increase the apparent density of the powders,
 To change the particle size distribution,
 Uniform dispersion of active ingredients.
 Traditionally, wet granulation has been carried out using Sigma blade mixer and Heavy-duty
planetary mixer.
 Wet granulation can also be prepared using tumble blenders equipped with high-speed
chopper blades.
 More recently, the use of multifunctional “processors” that are capable of performing all
functions required to prepare a finished granulation, such as dry blending, wet granulation,
drying, sizing and lubrication in a continuous process in a single equipment.
 The factors that affecting the Fluidized Bed Granulator are;
 Process Inlet Air Temperature,
 Atomization Air Pressure,
 Air Volume,
 Liquid Spray Rate,
 Nozzle Position and Number of Spray Heads,
 Product and Exhaust Air Temperature,
 Filter Porosity.
Drying:
 The most common conventional method of drying a granulation continues to be the
circulating hot air oven, which is heated by either steam or electricity.
 The important factors to consider as part of scale-up of an oven drying operation are airflow,
air temperature, and the depth of the granulation on the trays.
 If the granulation bed is too deep or too dense, the drying process will be inefficient, and if
soluble dyes are involved, migration of the dye to the surface of the granules.
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 Drying times at specified temperatures and airflow rates must be established for each product,
and for each particular oven load.
 Fluidized bed dryers are an attractive alternative to the circulating hot air ovens.
 The important factors considered as part of scale up fluidized bed dryer are optimum loads,
rate of airflow, inlet air temperature and humidity.
 The parameters to be considered for drying process by using Tray Dryer for scale up areAir
flow, Air temperature, Depth of the granulation on the trays, Monitoring of the drying process
by the use of moisture and temperature probes and Drying times at specified temperatures and
air flow rates for each product.
 The Parameters to be considered for the drying process by using a Fluid Bed Dryer for scale
up are Optimumload, Air Flow Rate, Inlet Air Temperature and Humidity of the incoming air.
Reduction of Particle size:
 Compression factors that may be affected by the particle size distribution are flowability,
compressibility, uniformity of tablet weight, content uniformity, tablet hardness, and tablet
color uniformity.
 First step in this process is to determine the particle size distribution of granulation using a
series of “stacked” sieves of decreasing mesh openings.
 Particle size reduction of the dried granulation of production size batches can be carried out
by passing all the material through an oscillating granulator, a hammer mill, a mechanical
sieving device, or in some cases, a screening device.
 As part of the scale-up of a milling or sieving operation, the lubricants and glidants, which in
the laboratory are usually added directly to the final blend, are usually added to the dried
granulation during the sizing operation.
 This is done because some of these additives, especially magnesium stearate, tend to
agglomerate when added in large quantities to the granulation in a blender.
Facilities:
 To avoid cross contamination in scale up and to facilitate the cleaning of equipment
effectively, following facilities must be available that are;
 Presence of separate room with availability of more space,
 Must have granulation as unit operation,
 Must have washing and drainage facilities,
 Must have cold, hot water and steam supply system,
 Platform should be with stainless steel or non-dust material system,
 Air condition system is encouraging but if absent, window must be screened,
 Use of a multifunctional processing system.
Granulation Handling and Feed System:
 The handling of the finished granulation in the compression area is either by Hand scooping
for small scale or by sophisticated automated handling system with vacuum or mechanical
system for large scale.
 The properties of material like size, size distribution and flow property affects the tablet
properties like drug content uniformity, tablet weight, thickness and hardness.
 For efficient cleaning, sophisticated material handling systems like long lengths transfer
tubes, valves, vacuum and pneumatic pumps should be used.
Tablet Compression:

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 The tablet press performs following functions during the compression are;
 Filling of an empty die cavity with granulation.
 Pre-compression of granulation.
 Compression of granules.
 Ejection of the tablet from the die cavity and take-off of the compressed tablet.
 The prolonged trial runs at press speeds is generally adopted to find out the potential
compression problems like sticking to the punch surface, tablet hardness, capping, and weight
variation detected.
 High-speed tablet compression depends on the ability of the press to interact with granulation.
 During selection of high speed press criteria that should be considered are;
 Granulation feed rate.
 Delivery system should not change the particle size distribution.
 System should not cause segregation of coarse and fine particles.
 It should induce static charges.
 The die feed system must be able to fill the die cavities adequately in the short period of time
that the die is passing under the feed frame.
 The smaller the tablet, the more difficult it is to get a uniform to fill high press speeds.
 For high-speed machines, induced die feed systems with a variety of feed paddles and
variable speed capabilities, are necessary.
 Compression of the granulation usually occurs as a single event as the heads of the punches
pass over the lower and under the upper pressure rollers.
 This causes the punches to penetrate the die to a pre-set depth, compacting the granulation to
the thickness of the gap set between the punches.
 The rapidity and dwell time in between this press event occurs is determined by the speed at
which the press is rotating and by the size of compression rollers.
 Larger the compressions roller, the more gradually compression force is applied and released.
 Slowing down the press speed or using larger compression rollers can often reduce capping in
a formulation.
 The final event is the ejection of compressed tablets from the die cavity.
 During compression, the granulation is compacted to form tablet, bonds within compressible
material must be formed which results in sticking.
 High levels of lubricant or over blending can result in a soft tablet, decrease in wettability of
the powder and an extension of the dissolution time.
 Binding to die walls can also be overcome by designing the die to be 0.001 to 0.005 inch
wider at the upper portion than at the centre in order to relieve pressure during ejection.
Tablet Coating:
 Many changes in Sugar coating (Carried in conventional coating pans), due to new
developments in coating technology (Conventional sugar coating pan changed to perforated
pans or fluidized-bed coating columns), changes in safety and environmental regulations.
 The development of new polymeric materials has resulted in a change from aqueous sugar
coating to aqueous film coating.
 The tablets must be sufficiently hard to withstand the tumbling to which they are subjected in
either the coating pan or the coating column.

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 Some tablet core materials are naturally hydrophobic, and in these cases, film coating with an
aqueous system may require special formulation of the tablet core and/or the coating solution.
 A film coating solution may have been found to work well with a particular tablet in a small
lab coating pan but may be totally unacceptable on a production scale.
 To facilitate the efficient coating the tablet should not be designed as flat surface or sharpe
edges.
Encapsulation of Hard Gelatin Capsules:
 The High Speed equipment is used to prepare the capsule by using the processed powder
blend with following particle characteristics like particle size distribution, bulk density,
compressibility to promote good flow property.
 This facilitates the formation of compacts of the right size and of sufficient cohesiveness to be
filled into capsule shells.
 Filling of capsule is done by two filling systems;
 Zanasi or Martelli form slugs in a dosator.
 Hofliger-Karg Machine
 Weight variation in capsules may come due to poor flow characteristics, improper lubrication
and plug sticking to the dosator plunger surface.
 Overlay lubrication may create problems in weight variation, disintegration, dissolution and
Bioavailability.
 The characteristics of granulation and the finished products are greatly influenced by the type
and size of equipment used for blending, granulating, drying, sizing and lubrication.
 For better encapsulation, need of controlled environmental conditions that are Controlled
humidity (RH 45 to 55 %) system in processing and encapsulation (RH 35 to 65 %) room and
appropriate temperature condition of 15 to 25 °C.

PILOT PLANT SCALE UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIQUID ORALS:
 The physical form of a drug product that can be incorporated demonstrates Newtonian or
Pseudoplasticflow behaviour.
 It conforms to its container at room temperature.
 Liquid dosage forms may be dispersed systems or solutions.
 In dispersed systems there are two or more phases, where one phase is distributed in another.
 A solution refers to two or more substances mixed homogeneously.
Steps of liquid manufacturing process:
 Planning of material requirements.
 Liquid preparation.
 Filling and Packing.
 Quality assurance.
Critical aspects of liquid manufacturing
 Physical Plant.
 Heating, ventilation and air controlling system.
 The effect of long processing times at suboptimal temperatures should be considered in terms
of consequences on the physical or chemical stability of ingredients as well as product.
Solution:
 The parameters to be considered are for scale up of solutions are;

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 Impeller diameter.
 Tank size (diameter).
 Number of impellers.
 Impeller type.
 Mixing capability of impeller.
 Rotational speed of the impeller.
 Height of the filled volume in the tank.
 Number of baffles.
 Transfer system.
 Clearance between Impeller Blades and wall of the mixing tank.
 Filtration equipment (should remove desired materials but should not remove active or
adjuvant ingredients).
 Passivation of Stainless Steel (Pre-reacting the SS with acetic acid or nitric acid solution
to remove. the surface alkalinity of the Stainless Steel).
Suspension:
 The parameters to be considered are for scale up of suspension are;
 Versator (To avoid air entrapment).
 Wetting of suspending agent.
 Addition and dispersion of suspending agents.
 Selection of the equipment according to batch size.
 Time and temperature required for hydration of the suspending agent.
 Mixing speeds (High speed should not be used as it leads to air entrapment).
 Mesh size (Must be able to remove the foreign particulates and sieve selected based on
production batch size trials).
Emulsion:
 The parameters to be considered are for scale up of emulsion are;
 Homogenizing equipment.
 Temperature.
 Mixing equipment.
 Phase densities.
 In-process or final product filters.
 Phase volumes.
 Screens, pumps and filling equipment.
 Phase viscosities.

PILOT PLANT SCALE UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEMI SOLIDS:
 The following parameters are to be considered during the scale up of semisolid products;
 Mixing speed.
 Mixing equipment (Could be able to move semisolid mass from outside walls to the
centre and from bottom to top of the kettle).
 Motors (Drive mixing system with appropriate handling system at its most viscous stage).
 Heating and cooling process.
 Component homogenization.

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 Product transfer.
 Addition of active ingredients.
 Working temperature range.
 Shear during handling and transfer from manufacturing to holding tank to filling lines.
 Transfer pumps (Easily must move viscous material without applying excessive shear and
free of entrapped air).
 Following parameters must be consider during choosing the size and type of pump,
o Pumping rate.
o Pumping pressure required should be considered.
o Product compatibility with the pump surface.
o Product viscosity.

SUPAC (SCALE UP AND POSTAPPROVAL CHANGES)GUIDELINES:
 SUPAC represents the changes recommended by the US FDA at the time of scale up or
approval of NDA / ANDA.
 In the process of developing a new drug product, the batch sizes used in the earliest human
studies are small and the size of the batches is gradually increased (Scale-up).
 The scale-up process and the changes made after approval in the composition, manufacturing
process, manufacturing equipment, and change of site have become known as Scale-Up and
Post approval Changes, or SUPAC.
The SUPAC Guidelines define;
 The level of changes – Minor, Moderate and Major Changes.
 Test – Application test, in vitro dissolution and in vivo
 Filing – Annual report, changes being effected supplement and Prior Approval Supplement.
 The level of changes may impact on formulation and quality performance in following levels;
 Level 1: unlikely to have detectable Impact.
 Level 2: could have significant impact.
 Level 3: likely to have significant impact.
 These guidelines provide recommendations for post approval changes in;
 The components or composition change,
 The site of manufacture change,
 The scale-up of manufacture change
 The manufacturing (process and equipment) change.
A) The components or composition changes:
 This section focuses on changes in excipients in the drug product.
 SUPAC-MR – Excipient critical or non-critical to the Modified drug release.
 Changes in non-release and release controlling excipients.
 SUPAC-SS – Changes in preservative in semisolid formulations.
 SUPAC-IR Changes for immediate-release solid oral dosage forms.
B) The site changes of manufacture:
 Changes in location of the site of manufacture, packaging operations and/or analytical testing
laboratory.
 Do not include any scale-up changes, changes in manufacturing (including process and/or
equipment), or changes in components or composition.

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 Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) inspection.
Level I Changes –
Classification-Single facility where the same equipment, standard operating procedures (SOP’s),
environmental conditions (e.g., Temperature and humidity) and controls, and personnel common.
Test Documentation – Application/ compendia requirements in chemistry, dissolution and in
vivoBioequivalence – None.
Filing Documentation- Annual report.
Level II Changes –
Classification–Same continuous campus, Common personnel, No other changes.
Test Documentation–
o Application/ compendial requirements
o Notification of Location of newsite
o Updated batch records
o SUPAC – MR – Multi-point dissolution profiles(15,30,45,60 and 120 min)USP buffer media
at pH 4.5-7.5 forextended release). Three differentMedia (e.g., Water, 0.1N HCl, andUSP
buffer media at pH 4.5 and 6.8for delayed release)until 80% ofDrug Released.
Filing Documentation- Annual report.
Level III Changes –
Classification– Different campus, Different personnel.
Test Documentation –
o Application/compendial requirements.
o Notification of Location of new site.
o Updated batch record.
o SUPAC – IR: Multi-point dissolution profile in the application/compendial medium.
o SUPAC – MR: Multi-point dissolution profiles (15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 min) USP buffer
media at pH 4.5-7.5 for extended release). Three different Media (e.g., Water, 0.1N HCl, and
USP buffer media at pH 4.5 and 6.8 for delayed release) until 80 % of Drug Released.
Filing Documentation- Annual report prior approval of supplement.
C) Changes in Batch Size (Scale-Up/Scale-Down):
 Post-approval changes in the size of a batch from the pivotal/pilot scale bio batch material to
larger or smaller production batches call for submission of additional information in the
application.
 Scale-down below 100,000 dosage units is not covered by this guidance.
Level I Changes –
Classification- Change in batch size, up to and including a factor of 10 times the size of the
pilot/biobatch.
Test Documentation – Updated batch records application/compendial requirements stability.
Filing Documentation- Annual report (long term stability data).
Level II Changes –
Classification- Changes in batch size beyond a factor of ten times the size of the pilot or biobatch,
No other changes.
Test Documentation –
o Chemistry Documentation Application/ compendial release requirements. Notification of
change and submission of updated batch records. Stability testing: One batch with three
months accelerated stability data and one batch on long-term stability.
14
o Dissolution Documentation-Case B testing.
o In Vivo Bioequivalence – None.
Filing Documentation- Changes being effected supplement; annual report (long-term stability
data).
D) Manufacturing Changes:
Manufacturing changes may affect both equipment used in the manufacturing process and the
process itself.
i)Equipment –
Level I Changes:
Classification- Alternate equipment of the same design and principles as automated equipment.
Test Documentation – Updated batch records, Application/compendial requirements and stability.
Filing Documentation- Prior approval supplement with justification for change; annual report
(long-term stability data).
Level II Changes:
Classification- Change to equipment of different design and principle.
Test Documentation – Updated batch records, Application/compendial requirements and stability.
o SUPAC – IR – Multi-point dissolution profiles in multiple media.
o SUPAC – MR – Multi-point dissolution profiles in multiple media.
Filing Documentation- Annual report and changes being Effected Supplement.
ii)Process –
Level I Changes:
Classification- Alternate equipment of the same design and principles as automated equipment.
Test Documentation – Updated batch records, Application/compendial requirements and stability.
Filing Documentation- Annual report.
Level II Changes:
Classification- This category includes process changes including changes such as mixing times
and operating speeds outside of application/ validation ranges.
Test Documentation – Updated batch records, Application/compendial requirements and stability.
o SUPAC – IR – Multi-point dissolution profile.
o SUPAC- MR – Multi-point dissolution profiles in multiple media.
o SUPAC – SS – In vitro release test Documentation.
Filing Documentation- Changes being effected supplement; annual report (long term stability
data).
Level III Changes:
Classification- Changes in the type of process used (e.g. wet granulation to direct compression).
Test Documentation – Updated batch records, Application/compendial requirements, stability,
bio-study and IVIVC.
o SUPAC – IR – Multi-point dissolution profile.
o SUPAC- MR – Multi-point dissolution profiles in multiple media.
Filing Documentation- Prior approval supplement with justification; annual report (long-term
stability data).

INTRODUCTION TO PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY:
Platform technologies:

15
 Platform technologies are systems that distribute the system out into different levels of
abstraction. This is done in order to differentiate between core – platform – functions, and the
application layer that sits on top of, and draws upon, these underlying common services.

Pharmaceutical Platform technologies:
 Pharmaceutical Platform technologies are considered a valuable tool to improve efficiency
and quality in drug product development. The basic idea is that a platform, in combination
with a risk-based approach, is the most systematic method to leverage prior knowledge for a
given new molecule.Platform technology is becoming a popular industry approach for
bioprocessing.
Importance platform technology:
 Platform companies move faster than their traditional counterparts. When your core products
and services frequently change, it forces your employees and your organization to embrace
change quickly.
Types of platform technology:
 Operating systems provide the basic services required to use hardware.
o Computing Platforms.
o Database Platforms.
o Storage Platforms.
o Application Platforms.
o Mobile Platforms.
o Web Platforms.
REFERENCES:
1. Roop K Khar, Farhan J Ahmad, A Vashishtha, S. Harder, GV Buskirk, JV Battista. Pilot
Plant Scale-up and Production Management. In: Roop K Khar, SP Vyas, Farhan J Ahmad,
Gaurav K Jain, Editors. Industrial Pharmacy. 4th edition. New Delhi: CBS Publishers &
Distributors Pvt Ltd, 2013. pp. 947-1002.
2. Dhobale AV, Mahale AM, Shirsat M, Pethkar S, Chakote V. Recent Advances in Pilot Plant
Scale Up Techniques – A Review. Indo Am J Pharm Res 2018; 8(4): 1060-1068.
3. Gomez AL, Strathy WA. Engineering Aspects of Process Scale-Up and Pilot Plant Design.
In: Michael Levin, editor. PharmaceuticalProcess Scale-Up. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc;
2002. p. 311-324.
4. Shah VP, Skelly JP, Barr WH, Malinowski H, Amidon GL. Scale-up of Controlled
ReleaseProducts – Preliminary Considerations. Pharm Technol1992; 16(5):35-40.
5. FDA. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,Guidance for Industry: Immediate Release
Solid OralDosage Forms. Scale-up and Post-Approval Changes:Chemistry, Manufacturing
and Controls, In VitroDissolution Testing, and In Vivo BioequivalenceDocumentation
[SUPAC-IR]; 1995.
6. Mounica NVN, Sharmila RV, Anusha S, Evangeline L, Nagabhushanam MV,
Nagarjunareddy D, et al. Scale up and Postapproval changes (SUPAC) Guidance for Industry:
A Regulatory note. Int J Drug RegulAff 2017; 5(1): 13-19.
7. Sherman R. Technology & Product Architectures. In: Business Intelligence Guidebook.
Science Direct; 2015.

16
Submitted by:
Dr.Bhabani Shankar Nayak
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutics), Ph.D.,
Assoc. Prof, Institute of Pharmacy& Technology
Salipur, Cuttack,Odisha – 754202, India.
Email ID- [email protected],
Tel: 09938860284

17
STUDY MATERIAL
BP 702 T. INDUSTRIAL PHARMACYII (Theory)
Unit – II
Syllabus
Technology development and transfer: WHO guidelines for Technology Transfer(TT):
Terminology, Technology transfer protocol, Quality risk management, Transfer from R & D to
production (Process, packaging and cleaning), Granularity of TT Process (API, excipients,
finished products, packaging materials) Documentation, Premises and equipments, qualification
and validation, quality control, analytical method transfer, Approved regulatory bodies and
agencies, Commercialization – practical aspects and problems (case studies), TT agencies in
India – APCTD, NRDC, TIFAC, BCIL, TBSE / SIDBI; TT related documentation –
confidentiality agreement, licensing, MoUs, legal issues.

PREPARED BY
Dr. Ch. Niranjan Patra (BPUT TEACHER REGISTRATION NUMBER: T090326703)
Vice principal cum Professor, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha.

Technology Development and Transfer
Abstract
In today’s scenario, interest in the profitable exploitation of a firm’s technological assets,
through technology transfer, has intensified. Appropriate technology transfer is both vital and
critical to drug discovery and development for novel medicinal products and is also essential to
upgrade drug quality intended during research and development and to finishing product during
manufacturing as well as to assure constant quality transferred. Successful growth and
commercialization of innovative technologies is always apprehensive with difficulties,
multifaceted endeavor, and a range of development tools exist to uphold this activity, by far the
most popular approach to directly supporting successful innovation is through technology
transfer. To develop appropriate clinical good manufacturing practice facilities, specify and
design specialized process equipment, finalize process details, and correctly determine scale-up
parameters requires the integrated efforts of a highly skillful technology transfer team.
Successful technology transfer requires carefully studying conditions like careful evaluation of
ultimate manufacturing requirements early in research and development and the consequent
improvement of robust developments that endure large-scale operation, the assembly of a
detailed technology transfer document that provides manufacturing with both “know how” and
“know why,” and will serve as the basis for facilities and equipment design as well as operator
training and standard operating procedure generation in successful manufacturing.
Introduction
What is technology transfer?
 Transfer of technology is defined as a “logical procedure that controls the transfer of any process
together with its documentation and professional expertise between developments or between
manufacture sites.”
 Technology transfer is both integral and critical to the drug discovery and development process
for new medical products.
 Technology transfer is helpful to develop dosage forms in various ways as it provides efficiency
in process, maintains quality of product, helps to achieve standardized process which facilitates
cost effective production. It is the process by which by an original innovator of technology
makes it technology available to commercial partner that will exploit the technology.
 In pharmaceutical industry, “Technology transfer “refers to the processes of successful progress
from drug discovery to product development, clinical trials and ultimately full scale
commercialization.
 Technology transfer is important for such researcher to materialize on a larger scale for
commercialization especially in the case of developing product. Technology transfer includes not
only patentable aspects of production but also includes the business processes such as knowledge
and skills.
 The different stages involved in technology transfer are presented in figure 1.

INVENTION
IDEA COMMERCIALIZATION
&
TECHNOLOGY
FEASIBILITY

INITIAL
PROTOTYPE PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURE
/SCALE UP

TRANSLATION

Figure 1, Different stages of technology transfer
Facts of technology transfer
The transfer of technology could happen in following ways
 Government labs to private sector firms.
 Between private sector firms of same country.
 Between private sector firms of different country.
 From academia to private sector firms.
WHO guidelines for Technology Transfer (TT): [1]
These guiding principles on transfer of technology are intended to serve as a framework which
can be applied in a flexible manner rather than as strict rigid guidance. Focus has been placed on
the quality aspects, in line with WHO’s mandate.
1. Transfer of processes to an alternative site occurs at some stage in the life-cycle of most
products, from development, scale-up, manufacturing, production and launch, to the post-
approval phase.
2. Transfer of technology is defined as “a logical procedure that controls the transfer of any process
together with its documentation and professional expertise between development and
manufacture or between manufacture sites”. It is a systematic procedure that is followed in order
to pass the documented knowledge and experience gained during development and or
commercialization to an appropriate, responsible and authorized party.
3. Literature searches revealed little information on the subject originating from national or regional
regulatory bodies. Guidance on intra-company transfers was prepared by the International
Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE).
4. The ever changing business strategies of pharmaceutical companies increasingly involve intra-
and intercompany transfers of technology for reasons such as the need for additional capacity,
relocation of operations or consolidations and mergers. The WHO Expert Committee on
Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, therefore, recommended in its 42nd report that
WHO address this issue through preparation of WHO guidelines on this matter.
5. Transfer of technology requires a documented, planned approach using trained and
knowledgeable personnel working within a quality system, with documentation of data covering
all aspects of development, production and quality control. Usually there is a sending unit (SU),
a receiving unit (RU) and the unit managing the process, which may or may not be a separate
entity.
6. For successful transfer, the following general principles and requirements should be met:
• The project plan should encompass the quality aspects of the project and be based upon the
principles of quality risk management (QRM).
• The capabilities of the SU and the RU should be similar, but not necessarily identical, and
facilities and equipment should operate according to similar operating principles.
• A comprehensive technical gap analysis between the SU and RU including technical risk
assessment and potential regulatory gaps, should be performed as needed.
• Adequately trained staff should be available or should be trained at the RU: Regulatory
requirements in the countries of the SU and the RU, and in any countries where the product is
intended to be supplied, should be taken into account and interpreted consistently throughout any
transfer programme project and there should be effective process and product knowledge
transfer.
7. Technology transfer can be considered successful if there is documented evidence that the RU
can routinely reproduce the transferred product, process or method against a predefined set of
specifications as agreed with the SU.
8. In the event that the RU identifies particular problems with the process during the transfer, the
RU should communicate them back to the SU to ensure continuing knowledge management.
9. Technology transfer projects, particularly those between different companies, have legal and
economic implications. If such issues, which may include intellectual property rights, royalties,
pricing, conflict of interest and confidentiality, are expected to impact on open communication of
technical matters in any way, they should be addressed before and during planning and
execution of the transfer. Any lack of transparency may lead to ineffective transfer of
technology.
10. Some of the responsibilities outlined in this document for the SU may also be considered to be
part of the management unit responsibilities. The guidelines address the following areas
 Transfer of development and production (processing, packaging and cleaning).
 Transfer of analytical methods for quality assurance and quality control.
 Skills assessment and training.
 Organization and management of the transfer.
 Assessment of premises and equipment.
 Documentation; and qualification and validation.
Terminologies used in technology Transfer
Acceptance criteria Measurable terms under which test results will be considered acceptable.
Bracketing An experimental design to test only the extremes of, for example, dosage strength.
The design assumes that the extremes will be representative of all the samples between the
extremes.
Change control (C/C) A formal system by which qualified representatives of appropriate
disciplines review proposed or actual changes that might affect a validated status. The intent is to
determine the need for action that would ensure that the system is maintained in a validated state.
Commissioning The setting up, adjustment and testing of equipment or a system to ensure that it
meets all the requirements, as specified in the user requirement specification, and capacities as
specified by the designer or developer. Commissioning is carried out before qualification and
validation.
Corrective action (C/A) Any action to be taken when the results of monitoring at a critical
control point indicate a loss of control.
Critical Having the potential to impact product quality or performance in a significant way.
Critical control point (CCP) A step at which control can be applied and is essential to prevent or
eliminate a pharmaceutical quality hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level.
Design qualification (DQ) Documented evidence that the premises, supporting systems, utilities,
equipment and processes have been designed in accordance with the requirements of good
manufacturing practices (GMP).
Design space The multidimensional combination and interaction of input variables (e.g. material
attributes) and process parameters that have been demonstrated to provide assurance of quality.
Drug master file (DMF) Detailed information concerning a specific facility, process or product
submitted to the drug regulatory authority, intended for the incorporation into the application for
marketing authorization.
Gap analysis Identification of critical elements of a process which are available at the SU but are
missing from the RU.
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) That part of quality assurance which ensures that
products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their
intended use and as required by the marketing authorization.
Inter-company transfer A transfer of technology between sites of different companies.
Intra-company transfer A transfer of technology between sites of the same group of companies.
In-process control (IPC) Checks performed during production in order to monitor and, if
necessary, to adjust the process to ensure that the product conforms to its specifications. The
control of the environment or equipment may also be regarded as a part of in-process control.
Installation qualification (IQ) The performance of tests to ensure that the installations (such as
machines, measuring devices, utilities and manufacturing areas) used in a manufacturing process
are appropriately selected and correctly installed and operate in accordance with established
specifications.
Operational qualification (OQ) Documented verification that the system or subsystem performs
as intended over all anticipated operating ranges.
Performance qualification (PQ) Documented verification that the equipment or system operates
consistently and gives reproducibility within defined specifications and parameters for prolonged
periods.
Process validation Documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a
specific process will consistently result in a product that meets its predetermined specifications
and quality characteristics.
Quality assurance (QA) Quality assurance is a wide-ranging concept covering all matters that
individually or collectively influence the quality of a product. The totality of the arrangements
made with the objective of ensuring that pharmaceutical products are of the quality required for
their intended use.
Quality control (QC) Quality control covers all measures taken, including the setting of
specifications, sampling, testing and analytical clearance, to ensure that starting materials,
intermediates, packaging materials and finished pharmaceutical products conform with
established specifications for identity, strength, purity and other characteristics.
Qualification Action of proving and documenting that any premises, systems and equipment are
properly installed, and/or work correctly and lead to the expected results. Qualification is often a
part (the initial stage) of validation, but the individual qualification steps alone do not constitute
process validation.
Quality risk management (QRM) Quality risk management is a systematic process for the
assessment, control, communication and review of risks to the quality of the pharmaceutical
product across the product life-cycle.
Receiving unit (RU) The involved disciplines at an organization where a designated product,
process or method is expected to be transferred.
Sending unit (SU) The involved disciplines at an organization where a designated product,
process or method is expected to be transferred from.
Spiking The addition of a known amount of a compound to a standard, sample or placebo,
typically for the purpose of confirming the performance of an analytical procedure.
Standard operating procedure (SOP) An authorized written procedure giving instructions for
performing operations not necessarily specific to a given product or material (e.g. equipment
operation, maintenance and cleaning; validation; cleaning of premises and environmental
control; sampling and inspection).
Transfer of technology (TOT) A logical procedure that controls the transfer of an established
process together with its documentation and professional expertise to site capable of reproducing
the process and its support functions to a predetermined level of performance.
Validation Action of proving and documenting that any process, procedure or method actually
and consistently leads to the expected results.
Validation master plan (VMP) A high-level document that establishes an umbrella validation
plan for the entire project and summarizes the manufacturer’s overall philosophy and approach,
to be used for establishing performance adequacy. It provides information on the manufacturer’s
validation work programme and defines details of and timescales for the validation work to be
performed, including a statement of the responsibilities of those implementing the plan.
Validation protocol (or plan) (VP) A document describing the activities to be performed in a
validation, including the acceptance criteria for the approval of a manufacturing process – or a
part thereof – for routine use.
Validation report (VR) A document in which the records, results and evaluation of a completed
validation programme are assembled and summarized. It may also contain proposals for the
improvement of processes and/or equipment.
Technology Transfer Protocol
The transfer protocol should list the intended sequential stages of the transfer. The protocol
should include:
 objective;
 scope;
 key personnel and their responsibilities;
 a parallel comparison of materials, methods and equipment;
 the transfer stages with documented evidence that each critical stage has been
satisfactorily accomplished before the next commences;
 identification of critical control points;
 experimental design and acceptance criteria for analytical methods;
 information on trial production batches, qualification batches and process validation;
 change control for any process deviations encountered;
 assessment of end-product;
 arrangements for keeping retention samples of active ingredients, intermediates and
finished products, and information on reference substances where applicable; and
 Conclusion, including signed-off approval by project manager.
Quality risk management [2]
Two primary principles of quality risk management are:
 The evaluation of the risk to quality should be based on scientific knowledge and
ultimately link to the protection of the patient; and
 The level of effort, formality and documentation of the quality risk management process
should be commensurate with the level of risk.
Quality risk management is a systematic process for the assessment, control, communication
and review of risks to the quality of the drug (medicinal) product across the product lifecycle. A
model for quality risk management is outlined in the Figure 2.
Responsibilities
Quality risk management activities are usually, but not always, undertaken by interdisciplinary
teams. When teams are formed, they should include experts from the appropriate areas (e.g.,
quality unit, business development, engineering, regulatory affairs, production operations, sales
and marketing, legal, statistics and clinical) in addition to individuals who are knowledgeable
about the quality risk management process.
Initiating a Quality Risk Management Process
Quality risk management should include systematic processes designed to coordinate, facilitate
and improve science-based decision making with respect to risk. Possible steps used to initiate
and plan a quality risk management process might include the following :
 Define the problem and/or risk question, including pertinent assumptions identifying the
potential for risk;
 Assemble background information and/ or data on the potential hazard, harm or human
health impact relevant to the risk assessment;
 Identify a leader and necessary resources;
 Specify a timeline, deliverables and appropriate level of decision making for the risk
management process.

Figure 2, Overview of a typical Quality risk management process

Risk Assessment
Risk assessment consists of the identification of hazards and the analysis and evaluation of risks
associated with exposure to those hazards. Quality risk assessments begin with a well-defined
problem description or risk question. Three fundamental questions are often helpful:
 What might go wrong?
 What is the likelihood (probability) it will go wrong?
 What are the consequences (severity)?
 Risk Identification
It is a systematic use of information to identify hazards referring to the risk question or
problem description. Information can include historical data, theoretical analysis, informed
opinions, and the concerns of stakeholders. Risk identification addresses the “What might go
wrong?” question, including identifying the possible consequences
Risk analysis
Risk analysis is the estimation of the risk associated with the identified hazards. It is the
qualitative or quantitative process of linking the likelihood of occurrence and severity of harms.
Risk Evaluation
It compares the identified and analyzed risk against given risk criteria. The output of a risk
assessment is either a quantitative estimate of risk or a qualitative description of a range of risk.
When risk is expressed quantitatively, a numerical probability is used. Alternatively, risk can be
expressed using qualitative descriptors, such as “high”, “medium”, or “low”, which should be
defined in as much detail as possible.
Risk Control Risk control includes decision making to reduce and/or accept risks. The purpose
of risk control is to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. Risk control might focus on the
following questions:
 Is the risk above an acceptable level?
 What can be done to reduce or eliminate risks?
 What is the appropriate balance among benefits, risks and resources?
 Are new risks introduced as a result of the identified risks being controlled?
Risk Reduction
Risk reduction focuses on processes for mitigation or avoidance of quality risk when it exceeds a
specified (acceptable) level. Risk reduction might include actions taken to mitigate the severity
and probability of harm. Processes that improve the detectability of hazards and quality risks
might also be used as part of a risk control strategy.
Risk communication
Risk communication is the sharing of information about risk and risk management between the
decision makers and others. Parties can communicate at any stage of the risk management
process. The output/result of the quality risk management process should be appropriately
communicated and documented.
Risk review
A mechanism to review or monitor events should be implemented. The output/results of the risk
management process should be reviewed to take into account new knowledge and experience.
The frequency of any review should be based upon the level of risk. Risk review might include
reconsideration of risk acceptance decisions.
Risk management methodology
Quality risk management supports a scientific and practical approach to decision-making. It
provides documented, transparent and reproducible methods to accomplish steps of the quality
risk management process based on current knowledge about assessing the probability, severity
and sometimes detectability of the risk. The pharmaceutical industry and regulators can access
and manage risk using recognized risk management tools and/or internal procedures (e.g.,
standard operating procedures). Below is a non-exhaustive list of some of these tools.
 Basic risk management facilitation methods (flowcharts, check sheets etc.);
 Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA);
 Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA);
 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA);
 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP);
 Hazard Operability Analysis (HAZOP);
 Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA);
 Risk ranking and filtering;
 Supporting statistical tools.
Transfer from R & D to production (Process, packaging and cleaning)
 It should be established at the outset whether the intention is to perform single-batch
manufacture, continuous production or campaigns, and whether the RU can
accommodate the intended production capacity.
 Consideration should be given to the level and depth of detail to be transferred to support
production and any further development or process optimization at the RU as intended
under the transfer project plan.
 The SU and the RU should jointly develop a protocol for the transfer of relevant
information related to the manufacturing process under consideration from the SU to the
RU, as well as the development of an equivalent process at the RU.
Process
The SU should provide a detailed characterization of the product, including its qualitative and
quantitative composition, physical description, method of manufacture, in-process controls and
specifications, packaging components and configurations, and any special safety and handling
considerations. The SU should provide any information on the history of process development
which may be required to enable the RU to perform any further development and/or process
optimization intended after successful transfer. Such information may include the following:
• information on clinical development, e.g. information on the rationale for the synthesis, route
and form selection, technology selection, equipment, clinical tests, and product composition;
• information on scale-up activities: process optimization, statistical optimization of critical
process parameters, pilot report and/or information on pilot-scale development activities
indicating the number and disposition of batches manufactured; and
• information or report on full-scale development activities, indicating the number and
disposition of batches manufactured, and deviation and change control reports which led to the
current manufacturing.
The SU should provide to the RU information on any health, safety and environmental issues
associated with the manufacturing processes to be transferred, and resulting implications, e.g.
need for gowning or protective clothing.
The SU should provide to the RU information on current processing and testing, including but
not limited to:
• a detailed description of facility requirements and equipment ;
• process technology selection;
• information on starting materials, applicable MSDs and storage requirements for raw materials
and finished products;
• description of manufacturing steps (narrative and process maps or flow charts), including
qualification of in-processing hold times and conditions, order and method of raw material
addition and bulk transfers between processing steps;
• description of analytical methods;
• in-process controls, including, e.g. identification of critical performance aspects for specific
dosage forms, identification of process control points, product quality attributes and qualification
of critical processing parameter ranges, statistical process control (SPC) charts;
• validation information, e.g. validation plans and reports, and annual product reviews;
• stability information; and an authorized set of SOPs and work instructions for manufacturing.
Packaging
It should follow the same procedural patterns as those of the production transfer.
 Information on packaging to be transferred from the SU to the RU include specifications for a
suitable container/closure system, as well as any relevant additional information on design,
packing, processing or labeling requirements needed for qualification of packaging components
at the RU.
 For quality control testing of packaging components, specifications should be provided for
drawings, artwork, and material (glass, card, fibre board, etc.).
Based on the information provided, the RU should perform a suitability study for initial
qualification of the packaging components. Packaging is considered suitable if it provides
adequate protection (preventing degradation of the drug due to environmental influences), safety
(absence of undesirable substances released into the product), compatibility (absence of
interaction possibly affecting drug quality) and performance (functionality in terms of drug
delivery).
Cleaning
During the manufacturing process, pharmaceutical products and APIs can be contaminated by
other pharmaceutical products or APIs if processing different products. To minimize the risk of
contamination and cross-contamination, operator exposure and environmental effects, adequate
cleaning procedures are essential.
The SU should provide information on cleaning procedures in use at the SU to minimize cross-
contamination due to residues from previous manufacturing steps, operator exposure and
environmental impact, including: solubility information of active ingredients, excipients and
vehicles.
Granularity of TT Process (API, excipients, finished products, packaging materials)
Starting materials
The specifications of the starting materials (APIs and excipients) to be used at the RU should be
consistent with reference batches (development batches, biobatches or batches manufactured at
the SU). Any properties which are likely to influence the process or product should be identified
and characterized.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API)
The SU should provide the drug master file (DMF) and any relevant additional information on
the API to the RU to be checked against the specifications of the API. The following information
should be provided:
 manufacturer;
 flow chart of synthetic pathway, outlining the process, including entry points for raw
materials, critical steps, process controls and intermediates;
 definitive form of the API (including photomicrographs and other relevant data) and any
polymorphic and solvate forms;
 solubility profile;
 partition coefficient (including the method of determination);
 intrinsic dissolution rate (including the method of determination);
 particle size and distribution (including the method of determination);
 bulk physical properties, including data on bulk and tap density, surface area and porosity
as appropriate;
 water content and determination of hygroscopicity, including water activity data and
special handling requirements;
 microbiological considerations (including sterility, bacterial endotoxins and bioburden
levels where the API supports microbiological growth) in accordance with regional
pharmacopoeial requirements;
 specifications and justification for release and end-of-life limits;
 summary of stability studies conducted in conformity with current guidelines, including
conclusions and recommendations on retest date;
 listing of potential and observed synthetic impurities, with data to support proposed
specifications and typically observed levels;
 information on degradants, with a listing of potential and observed degradation products
and data to support proposed specifications and typically observed levels;
 potency factor, indicating observed purity and justification for any recommended
adjustment to the input quantity of API for product manufacturing, providing example
calculations; and
 special considerations with implications for storage and/or handling, e.g. safety and
environmental factors and sensitivity to heat, light or moisture.
Excipients
The excipients to be used have a potential impact on the final product. Their specifications as
well as the DMF should, therefore, be made available by the SU for transfer to the RU site. The
following information should be provided for all types of excipients:
 description of functionality, with justification for inclusion of any antioxidant,
preservative or any excipient above recommended guidelines;
 manufacturer;
 specifications, i.e. monographs and additional information that may affect product
processing or quality for compendia excipients, or a complete listing of specifications,
including analytical methods and justification for release limits for non-compendial
excipients. For excipients used for the first time in a human drug product or by a new
route of administration, the same level of detail as for a drug substance should be
provided;
 special considerations with implications for storage and/or handling, including but not
limited to safety and environmental factors (e.g. as specified in material safety data
sheets) and sensitivity to heat, light or moisture solubility; and
 regulatory considerations, i.e. compendial status and appropriate regulatory information
for non-compendial excipients; information on residual solvents or organic volatile
impurities; and documentation to support compliance with transmissible animal
spongiform encephalopathy certification requirements (where applicable).
Finished Products Depending on the type of dosage form, the SU should provide relevant
information on physical properties of excipients to the RU, including:
 definitive form (for solid and inhaled dosage forms);
 solubility profile (for solid, inhaled and transdermal dosage forms);
 partition coefficient, including the method of determination (for transdermal dosage
forms);
 intrinsic dissolution rate, including the method of determination (for transdermal dosage
forms);
 particle size and distribution, including the method of determination (for solid, inhaled
and transdermal dosage forms);
 bulk physical properties, including data on bulk and tap density, surface area and porosity
as appropriate (for solid and inhaled dosage forms);
 compaction properties (for solid dosage forms);
 melting point range (for semi-solid/topical dosage forms);
 pH range (for parenteral, semi-solid/topical, liquid and transdermal dosage forms);
 ionic strength (for parenteral dosage forms);
 specific density/gravity (for parenteral, semi-solid/topical, liquid and transdermal dosage
forms);
 viscosity and/or viscoelasticity (for parenteral, semi-solid/topical, liquid and transdermal
dosage forms);
 osmolarity (for parenteral dosage forms);
 water content and determination of hygroscopicity, including water activity data and
special handling requirements (for solid and inhaled dosage forms);
 moisture content range (for parenteral, semi-solid/topical, liquid and transdermal dosage
forms);
 microbiological considerations in accordance with regional pharmacopoeial requirements
(for parenteral, semi-solid/topical, liquid, inhaled and transdermal dosage forms); and
 information on adhesives supporting compliance with peel, sheer and adhesion design
criteria (for transdermal dosage forms).
Packaging
 Information on packaging to be transferred from the SU to the RU include specifications
for a suitable container/closure system, as well as any relevant additional information on
design, packing, processing or labeling requirements needed for qualification of
packaging components at the RU. For quality control testing of packaging components,
specifications should be provided for drawings, artwork, material.
Documentation: The documents used in technology transfer are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Documentation for transfer of technology (TOT)
Key task Documentation provided Transfer documentation
by SU
Project Project plan and quality plan (where separate Project implementation plan
definition documents), protocol, risk assessments, gap analysis TOT protocol
Quality Plans and layout of facility, buildings (construction, Side-by-side comparison with
agreement finish) Qualification status (DQ, IQ, OQ) and RU facility and buildings; gap
Facility reports Analysis Qualification
assessment protocol and report
Health & Product-specific waste management plans
Safety Contingency plans
assessment
Skill set SOPs and training documentation Training protocols, assessment
analysis and (product-specific operations, analysis, testing) results
training
Analytical Analytical method specifications and validation, Analytical methods transfer
method including in-process quality control protocol and report
transfer
Starting Specifications and additional information on APIs, Side-by-side comparison with
material excipients Inventory list of all equipment and RU equipment (makes, models,
Evaluation systems, including makes, models, qualification qualification status)
Equipment status (IQ, OQ, PQ). Drawings, manuals, logs, SOPs Gap analysis.
selection (e.g. set-up, operation, cleaning, maintenance, Qualification and validation
and transfer calibration, storage) protocol and report
Process Reference batches (clinical, dossier, bio-batches) History of process development
transfer: Development report (manufacturing process at RU, Experiences at RU
manufacturing rationale),History of critical analytical data should be recorded for future
and Rationale for specifications, Change control reference
packaging documentation, Critical manufacturing process Provisional batch mfg
Parameters Process validation reports document (RU to develop)
Drug master file. Provisional batch packaging
API validation status and report(s) Product stability document (RU to develop)
data Current master batch manufacturing and Description of process at RU
packaging records (narrative, process map, fl ow
List of all batches produced chart)
Deviation reports, Investigations, complaints, recalls Process validation protocol
Annual product review and report
Cleaning Cleaning validation, Solubility information; Product- and site-specifi c
therapeutic doses; category (toxicology); existing cleaning SOPs at RU
cleaning SOPs; validation reports chemical and Cleaning validation protocol
micro; agents used; recovery study and report
Premises and Equipment
Premises
 The SU should provide information to the RU on the layout, construction and finish of all
buildings and services (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), temperature,
relative humidity, water, power, compressed air) impacting the product, process or
method to be transferred.
 The SU should provide information on relevant health, safety and environmental issues,
including:
 inherent risks of the manufacturing processes (e.g. reactive chemical hazards, exposure
limits, fire and explosion risks).
 health and safety requirements to minimize operator exposure (e.g. atmospheric
containment of pharmaceutical dust).
 Differences in building, construction layout and services between the SU and the RU
should be listed and compared in view of the following considerations:
 buildings and services at the RU should be capable of accommodating the product,
process or method under transfer to the agreed quality standard and production volume in
compliance with GMP;
DQ, design qualification; IQ, installation qualification; OQ, operational qualification; API, active
pharmaceutical ingredient; SOPs, standard operating procedures; RU, receiving unit.
 quality control laboratories should be equipped and capable of testing all APIs,
excipients, intermediate and finished products, packaging components and cleaning
validation samples;
 buildings intended for production of a highly sensitizing nature (e.g. penicillins and
cytotoxic materials) should be dedicated for this purpose and located in a different
facility from other production units; and
 health, safety and environmental issues, including waste management, emergency
planning, minimization of operator exposure and environmental impact, should be
addressed at the RU in compliance with any regulatory or company-developed rules,
regulations and limits.
Equipment
The SU should provide a list of equipment, makes and models involved in the manufacture,
filling, packing and/or control of the product, process or method to be transferred, together with
existing qualification and validation documentation. Relevant documentation may include:
• drawings;
• manuals;
• maintenance logs;
• calibration logs; and
• SOPs (e.g. equipment set up, operation, cleaning, maintenance, calibration, storage).
The RU should review the information provided by the SU together with its own inventory list
including the qualification status (IQ, OQ, PQ) of all equipment and systems, and perform a side-
by-side comparison of equipment at the two sites in terms of their functionality, makes, models
and qualification status.
Based on the side-by-side comparison, the RU should perform a gap analysis to identify
requirements for adaptation of existing equipment, or acquisition of new equipment, to enable
the RU to reproduce the process being transferred. GMP requirements should be satisfied, and
intended production volumes and batch sizes (e.g. same, scaled-up or campaign) should be
considered. Factors to be compared include:
• minimum and maximum capacity;
• material of construction;
• critical operating parameters;
• critical equipment components (e.g. filters, screens, temperature/pressure sensors); and
• range of intended use.
The facility- and building-specific location of all equipment at the RU should be considered at
the time of drawing up process maps or flow charts of the manufacturing process to be
transferred, including movement of personnel and material.
The impact of manufacturing new products on products currently manufactured with the same
equipment should be determined.
Where existing producing equipment needs to be adapted to be capable of reproducing the
process being transferred, a detailed development project should be included in the transfer
protocol.
New equipment should be designed and constructed to facilitate the process and ease cleaning
and maintenance operations. Any newly acquired equipment should undergo a qualification
protocol up to and including OQ level.
Applicable operating procedures for set-up, operation, cleaning, storage and maintenance should
be developed by the conclusion of OQ. Supporting documents such as drawings of equipment
and piping installations, manuals, maintenance logs and calibration logs should be retained.
Qualification and Validation
General
 Qualification and validation of facilities, equipment, systems and procedures are essential to
demonstrate that all critical stages of the transfer project have been completed successfully,
enabling the RU to reproduce the product, process or method routinely to the specifications
agreed with the SU.
 Validation performed as part of the transfer project should be documented in a validation master
plan (VMP). The VMP should identify the stages which need to be validated and define
acceptance criteria.
 For intra-company transfers, the RU should operate under the same VMP as the SU. For inter-
company transfers, a VMP should be in place at the RU before the transfer.
 The RU should prepare a validation protocol (VP) for each sequential step. Successful execution
of each VP should be documented in a validation report (VR).
 Setting up and commissioning of systems at the RU need to be completed before qualification
and validation can be performed at the RU. The steps required for this purpose have been
described in this guideline for buildings, services and equipment, manufacturing, packaging and
cleaning and analytical testing. In brief, the following basic steps apply equally to each of these
areas:
 the SU should provide information on materials, systems and procedures involved in the
manufacturing of the product, process or method to be transferred;
 the RU should review the information provided by the SU, and audit its current systems,
equipment and processes, including non-process related practices and support services that
impact the process;
 based on this review, the RU should either accept the information provided or develop it
further to prepare site-specific procedures, SOPs, training programmes and protocols which
will form the basis of the qualification and validation; and
 relevant staff, e.g. operators and analysts, should be trained in any new processes as
required.
 Once the required systems and procedures have been commissioned at the RU, and successful
training has been documented, qualification and validation of facility and equipment should be
executed, followed by validation of analytical test methods, process validation for manufacturing
and packaging, and cleaning validation.
 The RU should review the gap analysis and prepare, where appropriate, VPs for the facility,
services and equipment.
 Both new and existing equipment should satisfy the VPs associated with purchase and design
specifications, factory acceptance tests (FAT) if possible, IQ and OQ.
 Performance qualification, including a further assessment of operating parameters with relation
to product characteristics, should be established on commencement of trial batches.
 Successful completion of qualification and validation should be documented in a report.
Quality Control:
Transfer of analytical methods should accommodate all the analytical testing required to
demonstrate compliance of the product to be transferred with the registered specification.
Transfer of analytical methods used to test pharmaceutical products, their ingredients and
cleaning (residue) samples, needs to be in place before process validation studies of
manufacturing operations can be carried out.
The SU should prepare a protocol defining the steps to be undertaken for analytical method
transfer. The analytical methods transfer protocol should describe the objective; scope;
responsibilities of the SU and the RU; materials, methods and equipment; the experimental
design and acceptance criteria; documentation (including information to be supplied with the
results, and report forms to be used if any); deviations; references; signed approval; and details
of reference samples (APIs, intermediates and finished products).
The SU’s responsibilities for the transfer of analytical methods are to:
 provide method-specific training for analysts and other quality control staff;
 provide acceptance criteria and validation protocols for any RU training exercises;
 assist in analysis of quality control testing results;
 define and justify all methods to be transferred for testing a given product, ingredient or
cleaning sample;
 define experimental design, sampling methods and acceptance criteria;
 provide any validation reports for methods under transfer, and demonstrate their robustness;
 provide data for the equipment used and any standard reference samples; and
 provide approved SOPs used in testing.
The RU’s responsibilities are to:
 review analytical methods provided by the SU, and formally agree on acceptance criteria
before execution of the transfer protocol;
 ensure that the necessary equipment for quality control is available and qualified at the RU
site. Equipment should be replicated where possible, but it is accepted that different models,
e.g. spectrometers and chromatographs, could already be in place;
 ensure that adequately trained and experienced personnel is in place for analytical testing;
 provide a documentation system capable of recording receipt and testing of samples.
A suggested analytical training protocol would be as follows:
 SU and RU analysts assay two retained samples from SU;
 SU and RU analysts then assay two sub-potent samples (available from SU or spiked);
 SU and RU analysts assay samples taken from RU production;
 RU analyst provides sufficient replicate analyses to enable a significance test (e.g. student’s
t) against the established method at the SU site; and
 a similar exercise should be undertaken for analysis of low levels of APIs.
 All training activities and outcomes should be documented.
Analytical methods Transfer
The analytical methods transfer protocol should cover the following sections:
 objective;
 scope;
 responsibilities of the SU and the RU;
 materials, methods and equipment;
 the experimental design and acceptance criteria;
 documentation (including information to be supplied with the results, and report forms to
be used if any);
 deviations;
 references;
 signed approval; and
 details of reference samples (APIs, intermediates and finished products).
Successful transfer and validation of analytical methods should be documented in a report.
Approved regulatory bodies and agencies
The principal regulatory bodies entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring the approval,
production and marketing of quality drugs in India at reasonable prices are:
 The Central Drug Standards and Control Organization (CDSCO), located under the aegis of
the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The CDSCO prescribes standards and measures
for ensuring the safety, efficacy and quality of drugs, cosmetics, diagnostics and devices in the
country. Regulates the market authorization of new drugs and clinical trials standards;
supervises drug imports and approves licences to manufacture the above-mentioned products.
 The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), With respect to licencing and quality control
issues, market authorization is regulated by the Central Drug Controller, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology
(DST) and Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests. State drug
controllers have the authority to issue licences for the manufacture of approved drugs and
monitor quality control, along with the Central Drug Standards Control Organization
(CDSCO).
 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United
States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive
departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the
Control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescriprion
and over the counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood
transfusions, medical, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal
foods & feed[4] and veterinary products.
 The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is part of the Australian Government
Department of Health, and is responsible for regulating therapeutic goods including
prescription medicines, vaccines, sunscreens, vitamins and minerals, medical devices, blood
and blood products. Almost any product for which therapeutic claims are made must be
entered in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) before it can be supplied in
Australia.
 Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) regulates medicines,
medical devices and blood components for transfusion in the UK.
Commercialization – practical aspects and problems (case studies)
Technology transfer are discussed with certain practical studies.
Case Study 1 The blending of drug with excipients is presented in table 2. [3]
Factors considered in the proposed technology transfer (scale up)
Geometric Similarity: Ratio of all lengths constant (constant fill ratio)
Dynamic Similarity: Maintenance of Forces (Froude number)
Kinematic Similarity: Maintaining a consistent number or revolutions
Table 2, Scale-up in QbD Approach: Blending
Amount Blender Blending Blending Volume Fill
Scale Nrev
(kg) Capacity Speed (rpm) Time (min) Ratio (%)

Laboratory 2 8 qt 25 12 300 ~50

Pilot 40 7.5 cu.ft 15 20 300 ~50

Commercial 180 30 cu. Ft 10 30 300 ~50

Conclusion of case study 1: The desired content uniformity was attained by modifying the above
parameters such as blending speed and blending time.
Case Study 2 (Drug layering on MCC spheres) [3]
Equipment of production having greatest similitude (geometric) to the intended to commercial
scale process, similar particle trajectories and dynamics enables maintenance of process
parameters through scale-up with the exception of air-flow which is linearly scaled (Figure 3,
Table 3).
Conclusion of case study 2
Air flow rate and total spray rate were adjusted to obtain uniform coating of drug on MCC
spheres. Assay of the formulation was 99.9% in both pilot batch and commercial batch.
Table 3, Parameters for pilot and verification batches at commercial scale

Pilot batches Commercial scale
Starting Batch Size 40 kg 140 kg
Ending Batch Size 56 kg 198 kg
Estimated use of capacity 50%-70% 56%-79%
Number of Partition(s) 1 3
Partition height 30-50 mm 30-50 mm
Nozzle 1.2 mm 1.2 mm
Product Temperature 44-48 C 44-48 C
Air Flow Rate 810±90 cfm 2430±270 cfm
Spray Rate per nozzle 135±25 g/min 135±25 g/min

Total Spray Rate 135±25 g/min 405±75 g/min
Atomization Pressure per nozzle 2.5-2.9 bar 2.5-2.9 bar

Figure 3A Pilot Scale Studies (40 kg each) Figure 3B Commercial Scale (140 kg) using
using 18’’ Wurster HS insert 32’’ Wurster HS insert
TT agencies in India – APCTD, NRDC, TIFAC, BCIL, TBSE /SIDBI [4]
Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT)
• It is a United Nations Regional Institution under the Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific (ESCAP) established in 1977 in Bangalore, India. In 1993, the Centre moved to
New Delhi, India. APCTT promotes transfer of technology to and from small- and medium-scale
enterprises (SMEs) in Asia and the Pacific. APCTT implements development projects funded by
international donors aimed at strengthening the environment for technology transfer among
SMEs. The objective of APCTT is to strengthen the technology transfer capabilities in the region
and to facilitate import/export of environmentally sound technologies to/from the member
countries.
National Research Development Corporation (NRDC)
 National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) was established in 1953 by the
Government of India, with the primary objective to promote, develop and commercialise the
technologies / know-how / inventions / patents / processes emanating from various national R&D
institutions / Universities and is presently working under the administrative control of the Dept.
of Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology. During the past six
decade of its existence and in pursuance of its corporate goals, NRDC has forged strong links
with the scientific and industrial community in India and abroad. It is recognized as a large
repository of wide range of technologies spread over almost all areas of industries, viz.
Agriculture and Agro-processing, Chemicals including Pesticides, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals,
Bio Technology, Metallurgy, Electronics and Instrumentation, Building Materials, Mechanical,
Electrical and Electronics etc. It has licensed the indigenous technology to more than 4800
entrepreneurs and helped to establish a large number of small and medium scale industries.
NRDC also undertakes number of activities such as meritorious inventions awards, Techno-
Commercial support, Technical and financial assistance for IPR Protection, Value addition
services and support for further development of technologies and much more.
Technology information, Forecasting and assesmement Council (TIFAC)
 TIFAC is an autonomous organization set up in 1988 under the Department of Science &
Technology to look ahead in technology domain, assess the technology trajectories, and support
innovation by networked actions in selected areas of national importance TIFAC embarked
upon the major task of formulating a Technology Vision for the country in various emerging
technology areas. Under the leadership of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Technology Vision 2020
exercise led to set of 17 documents, including sixteen technology areas and one on services. In
more than 25 years of its service to the nation, it has delivered number of technology
assessment and foresight reports. While inaugurating the 103rd Indian Science Congress in
Mysuru, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi released the Technology Vision
2035 prepared by TIFAC.This is being followed by release of Technology Roadmaps in 12
thematic areas of national priorities and importance • Education, Medical Science & Health
Care, Food and Agriculture, Water, Energy, Environment, Habitat, Transportation,
Infrastructure, Manufacturing, Materials and Information & Communication Technologies
(ICT).
Biotech Consortium India Limited (BCIL)
Biotech Consortium India Limited (BCIL), New Delhi was incorporated as public limited
company in 1990 under The Companies Act, 1956. The consortium is promoted by the
Department of Biotechnology, Government of India and financed by the All India Financial
Institutions and some corporate sectors BCIL ‘s major functions include the development and
transfer of technology for the commercialisation of biotechnology products, project
consultancy, biosafety awareness and human resource development BCIL has been successfully
managing several Flagship schemes and Programmes of the Department of Biotechnology,
Government of India. Most notable include Biotechnology Industry Partnership Programme, 2.
Biotechnology Industrial Training Programme and Small Business Innovation Research
Initiative
Technology Bureau for Small Enterprises (TBSE)/ Small Industries Development Bank of
India (SIDBI).
 The Technology Bureau for Small Enterprises (TBSE) is a platform for MSMEs to tap
opportunities at the global level for the acquisition of technology or establishing business
collaboration. TBSE is a result of the cooperative initiative of the United Nations’ Asian and
Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) and Small Industries Development Bank of
India (SIDBI) in 1995. TBSE also receives partial funding from the Office of DC (SSI),
Government of India. Features of TBSE Offering a professionally managed system for the
reasons of technology and collaboration exploration helping in the building up of confidence
between potential partner. It providing an opportunity to global technology market through the
process of networking. Taking up project appraisal and the preparation of a business plan. The
new technologies for the reason of transfer are sourced from countries namely China,
Philippines, South Korea, Australia, Germany, as well as the U.S.
TT related documentation – confidentiality agreement, licensing, MoUs, legal issues. [5]
Confidentiality Agreements
The aim of a confidentiality agreement is to protect all information of party entering
negotiations. Before any concrete negotiations on the transfer of a technology can really start all
parties involved must be able to evaluate the technology offered. Both the technological and the
commercial possibilities of the offer will thereby be taken into account. Before giving anybody
access to your technology a confidentiality agreement should be drafted with discussion on the
main topics to be addressed in such agreement keeping in mind that all the standard clauses of an
agreement should also be included (parties, term and termination, applicable law). The first item
in any confidentiality agreement should be a brief but clear description of the technology that
will be transferred. What are the main specifications of this technology and what is its relevant
application? In this same disposition of the agreement a reference to the property rights of the
party offering can be made.
Licensing
The legal core of the transfer of technology is constituted by a licensing agreement. By signing
this agreement the owner of a technology, the licenser, gives the right to another company, the
licensee, to make use of this technology. A licence does not alter the property rights of the
owner: he remains the only proprietor of the technology. He could also sell his technology
whereby the buyer becomes the owner and replaces the seller. But if an owner of a technology
prefers to enter into an agreement with a licensee he will give him limited rights. The licensee
cannot dispose of the technology but he can use it. This use will be more or less limited. A
limitation in time, in geographical market, in product market or in the application can be
introduced in a licence. The licence will determine the relationship between the licenser and
licensee for the whole duration of their co-operation and a lot of questions will have to be
answered before this relationship can start.
Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs)
Often collaborative research efforts with outside institutions are defined in Memoranda of
Understanding (MOU) before other agreements are executed. An MOU typically defines how
intellectual property will be shared and the roles and responsibilities of the involved parties. If
you are planning to enter into a collaborative relationship with an outside party, it is important to
discuss the possibility of an MOU. Office of Technology Commercialization is responsible for
drafting MOUs related to collaborative research. MOUs typically identify a lead institution for
managing intellectual property and provide details on how licensing income will be shared.
Legal Issues
The following types legal issues are generally observed in technology transfer.
 Legal contractual agreements
 Tax implications
 Legal issues in intellectual property transaction
 Problems associated with IPR litigation
 Legislations covering IPRs in India
References
1. WHO Technical Report Series, Annex 7, No. 961, 2011.
2. Guidance for Industry Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality System. U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services Food and Drug Administration, ICH, April 2009.
3. Raw AS. QbD Scale-up Considerations Linking Exhibit Batches to Commercial Production.
GPhA/FDA Quality by Design Workshop for ANDAs, FDA – CDER – Office of Generic Drugs,
May 5, 2011.
4. Dave V, Pareek A, Yadav S, Sharma S, Paliwal S. Pharmaceutical industry and technology
transfer agencies in India. The Pharma Review, jan-Feb, 2013, 116-112.
5. Dogra R, Garg R and Jatav P. Technology Transfer in Pharmaceutical Industry: Transfer of
Process from Development to Commercialization. IJPSR, 4(5), 2013, 1692-1708.
BP 702 T. INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY II
Industrial Pharmacy (II) – Unit III

By

Mr. Biswarup Das, Assistant Professor

Department of Pharmaceutics, SIPS

Regulatory affairs – Regulatory Affairs (RA), also called Government Affairs, is a profession developed
from the desire of governments to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of products in
areas including pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, foods,
cosmetics and complementary medicines etc.

As a discipline, regulatory affairs cover a broad range of specific skills and occupations. Under the best of
circumstances, it is composed of a group of people who act as a liaison between the government, industry, and
consumers to make sure that marketed products are safe and effective when used as it advertised.

People who work in regulatory affairs negotiate the interaction between the regulators (the government), the
regulated (industry), and the market (consumers) to get good products to the market and to keep them there
while preventing bad products from being sold.

Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Affairs (DRA) is a dynamic field that includes scientific, legal and
commercial aspect of drug-development.

Drug development to commercialization is highly regulated. Every drug before getting market approval must
undergo rigorous scrutiny and clinical trials to ensure its safety, efficacy and quality. These standards are set
by regulatory authorities of their respective countries such as FDA in US and CDSCO in India etc.

Regulation of Drug products involve following areas –

Non-clinical and Clinical Drug Development Guidelines
Licensing (Patent)
Drug Registration
Manufacturing
Quality and safety Guidance
Pricing and Trademark
Marketing, Import and Distribution of Drug products
Pharmacovigilance (Adverse Drug Reactions monitoring)
Table 1 – Historical Overview of RA (Key regulatory events with year)

Regulatory Authorities –

Public health being the prime concern, it is necessary that the drug/drug product available for
human/veterinary use and medical devices must not only be effective but also be safe for the intended use. To
ensure this, various territorial regulatory bodies came into existence.

Major regulatory agencies include World Health Organization (WHO), United States Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA, United States), European Medicines Agency (EMA, European Union), Medicines
and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA, UK), Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA,
Australia), Health Canada (Canada), Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA, Japan) and
Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO, India).

It was observed that regulatory guidelines differ with respect to territorial requirements; this demanded the
need for universal harmonisation. Thus, The International Council for Harmonization of Technical
Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) was founded in 1990 by united
efforts of the United States, Europe and Japan to bring together different regulatory bodies globally and set
ICH Guidelines for pharmaceutical drug product development. Since its inception, the ICH has evolved
gradually with a mission to attain better harmonisation towards development and registration of medicines
with a higher degree of safety, efficacy and quality worldwide. Although ICH has harmonised the drug
regulatory aspects worldwide, the regional regulatory bodies continue to play a pivotal role in drug approvals
across the territory.

Role of Drug Regulatory Affairs Department:

A) In Development phase –

●Ensuring that the legislative requirements are met –
–

Recruit Scientific Advice – authorities

– Advice on development studies to demonstrate safety, quality and efficacy parameters.

● Set up regulatory strategy.

● Participate in cross-functional project teams.

● Ensure application of guidelines for clinical trials.

● Submission of application to conduct clinical trials.

● Managing the regulatory submission –

– Minimize time to market (every day counts!)

– Advice on a global development plan
● Optimize submission strategies –
– Dossier preparation
– Format, document re-uses
– Electronic submissions
– Review high-level documents/reports
● Interact with commercial side of business such as pricing and reimbursement.
B) In approval phase –
● Check progress of evaluation and anticipate questions.
● Clarify raised questions, plan response and strategies with other departments.
● Plan and manage agency meetings/hearings.
● Negotiate approval and Product Information with agencies.
C) In post approval phase –
● Compliance
● Submission of variations/amendments
● Renewals
● Pharmacovigilance
● Product information review
● New indications / new formulations
● Regulatory input to development plans/ Regulatory Intelligence.

Figure 2 – Various Role of Drug Regulatory Affairs Department

Responsibility of the Regulatory Affairs Professionals –

Ø Ensuring that their companies comply with all of the regulations and laws pertaining to their business.

Ø Working with federal, state and local regulatory agencies and personnel on specific issues related to their
business.

Ø Advising companies on the regulatory aspects and climate that would affect their proposed activities.

Ø Keep in touch with international legislation, guidelines and customer practices.
Ø Keep up to the date with a company’s product range.
Ø Collect, collate, and evaluate the scientific data that their research and development colleagues are
generating.
Ø Formulate regulatory strategies for all appropriate regulatory submissions such as domestic, international
and/or contract projects.
Ø Coordinate, prepare and review all appropriate documents for example dossier and submit them to
regulatory authorities within a specified time frame in conjugation with the organization.
Ø Prepare and review of SOPs related to RA. Review of BMR, MFR, change control and other relevant
documents.
Ø Monitor the progress of all registration submission.
Ø Maintain approved applications and the record of registration fees paid against submission of DMF’s and
other documents.
Ø Respond to queries and ensure that registration/ approval are granted without delay.
Ø Participate in R&D training, Pilot plant Scale Up, and Post Marketing Surveillance (ADR).

Ø Manage and review audit reports and compliance, regulatory and customer inspections.
Ø Provide accurate and complete information about the quality, safety and effectiveness of the product to the
physicians and other healthcare professionals.

Regulatory requirements for drug approval:

Drug Development Teams – Most pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms employ drug development project
teams to guide the processes involved in early drug discovery phase, through the various drug development
stages and finally making the drug candidate into a therapeutic product.

The drug development team includes a diverse group of individuals with different philosophies and
approaches to the development process. All team members must work closely together to ensure that a drug is
both safe and efficacious.

The responsibilities of these project teams include –

1. Reviewing research results from experiments conducted by any of the various scientific disciplines.

2. Integrating new research results with previously generated data.

3. Planning research studies to further characterize a drug candidate.

4. Preparing a detailed drug development plan, including designation of key points or development
milestones, generating a timeline for completion, and defining the critical path.

5. Monitoring the status of research studies to ensure that they are being conducted according to the timeline
and critical path in the development plan and, if appropriate, modifying the plan as new information becomes
available.

6. Comparing research results and development status and timelines with drug candidates under development
by competitors.

7. Conducting appropriate market surveys to ensure that the development of a drug candidate is economically
justified and continues to meet a medical need.

8. Reporting the status of the drug development program to management and making recommendations on the
continued development of the drug candidate.

Drug development teams consist of following group of teams –
1. Discovery/development Team

The discovery and development groups are comprised of the basic scientists and chemists who created the
new molecule. This group synthesizes drug substances for “drug-screening,” pharmacology, and toxicology
studies, and also prepares clinical supplies.

2. Nonclinical pharmacology and toxicology Team

This group studies the drug product in animal models for efficacy and safety in order to identify potential
efficacy and safety issues in humans. It is critical for the clinical and development groups to work closely with
the lexicologists in the design of animal studies to ensure their relevance to the clinical environment.

3. Clinical research Team

Clinical research has the ultimate responsibility for testing drug products in humans: the monitoring of drug
safety rests squarely on the shoulders of clinical research. Clinical trials must be science-based with proper
statistical methodologies and have clinically relevant end points. Clinical research interacts directly with the
FDA and is responsible for the generation of study reports with input from biostatisticians and regulatory
affairs. Clinical research can also generate the publications necessary for the marketing of any drug product.

4. Regulatory affairs Team

The regulatory affairs department is the interface with the FDA. It is their responsibility to ensure compliance
with the rules and regulations established by the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and its amendments.

5. Marketing Team

The marketing group has the ultimate responsibility for marketing and selling the drug. As a result, they need
product, labeling that differentiates their drug from those already marketed. Marketing has to provide creative
concepts for the prescribing physician, the patient, and the company’s senior management. They also have to
make sure that, budget goals arc met. It is not uncommon for the marketing group to have differences of
opinion from both the clinical and regulatory groups within their own company, as well as with the FDA.

6. Legal Team

In order for a drug to be financially successful, patent protection is a key element. The legal group must
submit patents at the appropriate time and do all in its power to avoid lawsuits from potential competitors. The
legal group also ensures that neither the FDA nor the other organization or company will challenge
advertising and promotional materials.

7. Management Team – They co-ordinate with all the respective teams and responsible for successful
completion of project in a time bound manner.
Pharmaceutical Drug Development:
●Pharmaceutical Drug Development is a process of bringing a newly synthesized drug molecule to the market
once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.

●These newly synthesized drug molecules which also known as New chemical entities (NCEs) or as New
molecular entities (NMEs) are identified as Lead compound if they show promising pharmacological activity
against a particular biological target that play a major role for a particular disease.

●The Identification of lead compound is carried out in drug discovery phase by means of suitable screening
techniques such as High-throughput Screening.

●Drug Development process consist of a number of events that took place between the discovery of Lead
compound to its eventual marketing.

● Broadly, the process of drug development can be divided into pre-clinical/non clinical and clinical phases.

●Pre-clinical or Non- clinical Phase of Drug Development: Pre-clinical Drug Development involves
pharmacological and toxicological assessment of the potential new drug in animal models in order to establish
its safety and efficacy before the administration to human volunteers in clinical trial phase.

● Pharmacological and toxicological assessment of the potential drug candidate is carried out by both in-vitro
and in-vivo methods and in accordance with the guidelines of good laboratory practice (GLP). The GLP
regulations are found in – 21 CFR Part 58.1: Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies.
● Cell lines or isolated tissues are used as in-vitro models and both rodent and non rodent animals such as
mice, rat, guinea pig, dog, monkey etc are used as animal models for in-vivo testing.
● Such preclinical studies can be take up to 2 years to complete.

O Pre-clinical Drug Development involves following major type of studies –

1. Pharmacological studies –

i) Pharmacokinetic profile Study – It deals with study of ADME. Generally, ADME studies are conducted
in two species, usually rats and dogs, repeated with different dose levels in males & females.

The main task of pharmacokinetic studies is to find an optimal dose level and to provide information about the
dose-effect relationship. Therefore, different processes in the body are investigated and intensive information
about the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of the substance is generated.
Table 2- Recommended non-clinical assays of ADME/PK.

●Metabolism Study: The drug metabolism studies needed to characterize the fate (whether the compound is
changed and to what) of a lead or drug candidate in the body. Metabolism studies carried out by both in-vitro
and in-vivo methods.

The in-vitro experiments can be conducted in a variety of systems, including CYP450 isozymes (the enzymes
responsible for most oxidative metabolism of drugs), microsomes, hepatocytes, or liver slices. Since
hepatocytes contain both phase 1(oxidative, hydrolysis, and reduction) and phase 2 (conjugation) metabolism
systems and can be relatively easily obtained from pharmacology and toxicology animal species and from
humans, many researchers select this model for the first assessment of metabolism. If the results from
hepatocytes show extensive metabolism, additional in-vitro experiments are usually conducted first in
microsomes to ascertain if oxidative metabolism is present and then in isolated CYP450 isozymes to
determine which enzyme or enzymes are responsible.

For in-vivo metabolism studies in animal models, the selected animal species have metabolism profile that is
similar to humans. Drug metabolism experiments in animal species used or to be used in toxicology studies
are conducted using an appropriately labeled compound, usually a radioactive isotope such as carbon-14.
Sometimes, drug metabolism studies are conducted with a less than desirable radiolabel isotope, such as 125I
or 3H.

For more reliable results, the radiolabeled compound should be radiochemically pure and stable and have a
specific activity high enough to be measurable after dosing. Also, the label needs to be in a position where it
does not affect the physical, chemical, or pharmacological properties of the candidate and is not lost during
phase 1 (oxidation, reduction, cleavage) or phase 2 (conjugation) metabolism.

The total radioactivity minus the parent compound concentration (determined by the bioanalytical assay
method) in a specimen (plasma, serum, urine, bile), estimates the amount of metabolites present. If the
difference is minimal and does not change over time, the extent of metabolism is low. For plasma or serum
specimens, a small difference indicates that metabolites are not present in systemic circulation. For bile or
urine specimens, high levels of radioactivity suggest a primary route of elimination for the parent and
metabolites. Study of metabolite profile in urine and bile carried out to determine the amount of each potential
metabolite. When the level of a metabolite is high, i.e., greater than 5% of the parent compound, attempts to
isolate and identify the metabolite should be undertaken and metabolite’s pharmacological and toxicological
activity are evaluated.

ii) Pharmacodynamic profle Study – Pharmacodynamic studies deal more specifically with followings-

a) Primary pharmacodynamic (PD) study – Study Physiological effects of drug

b) Secondary pharmacodynamic study – Study Mechanism of drug action and effects of the relevant
compound which are not related to its desired therapeutic target.

c) Safety pharmacology studies – Safety pharmacology studies are conducted to identify possible
undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of a compound on selected physiological functions which may have an
impact on human safety. Three types of safety pharmacology studies are performed which are as follows:

● Core battery study – The core battery of safety pharmacology studies which should be conducted in
accordance with GLP is mandatory in order to investigate before first administration in humans. The core
battery implies organ systems which are important with respect to life-supporting functions and are therefore
most critical for life. This includes the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous system. Thereby, in
vitro studies on isolated tissue, cells, receptors, ion channels or enzymes are an initial method to investigate
potential pharmacological effects in concentration ranges of the respective substance on which an effect seems
probable. For subsequent in vivo studies, the expected clinical route of administration should be used and the
animals should ideally not be under anesthesia.

Safety pharmacology studies are normally performed by a single dose administration, whereby the exposure
should at least be similar or even higher than the potential therapeutic concentration in humans.

b) Follow-up studies – The follow-up studies for the core battery may provide a deeper insight into kinetic
conditions and potential repeat dose administrations on a suitable animal species.

c) Supplemental studies – In supplemental safety pharmacology studies organ systems not addressed in the
core battery are investigated. This is notably done with other major organ systems such as the gastrointestinal,
renal or the immune system.
2. Toxicological Studies – Toxicology defines the preclinical part of the safety assessment during drug
development. By conducting toxicity studies, possible hazards and risks are identified.

i) Acute toxicity (Single dose) and Chronic toxicity (Repeated-dose) study –

• Acute toxicity is usually assessed by administration of a single high dose of the test drug to rodents.
Both rat and mice (male and female) are usually employed.

• The single dose is administered by at least two routes, one of which should be the proposed route to
be used in human beings. Animals are observed for overt effects and mortality up to 2 weeks and
LD50 value is determined at 95% confidence level.

• Repeated-dose toxicity studies should be carried out in at least two species, out of which one should
be a non-rodent. For Repeated-dose toxicity study small doses of drug administered 7 days a week up
to 6 – 9 months.

• At least three dose levels should be used; the highest dose should produce observable toxicity, the
lowest dose should not produce observable toxicity, but should be comparable to the intended
therapeutic dose in humans; the intermediate dose should produce some symptoms, but not gross
toxicity or death, and may be placed logarithmically between the other two doses. Observations
should include body weights, clinical signs, clinical chemistries, hematology, and detailed
histopathological changes in cells and tissues that occurred due to toxicity.

ii) Reproductive toxicity study – These studies evaluate male and female fertility, embryo and fetal
death, parturition and the newborn, the lactation process, care of the young, and the potential
teratogenicity of the drug candidate.

Historically, these reproductive parameters have been evaluated in three types of studies, generally
referred to as segment I, segment II, and segment III.

Segment I, evaluates fertility and general reproductive performance in rats.

Segment II, commonly conducted in rats and rabbits, determines the embryo toxicity or teratogenic
effects of the drug candidate.

Segment III, designated the perinatal and postnatal study and normally conducted only in rats, assesses
the effects of the drug candidate on late fetal development, labor and delivery, lactation, neonatal
viability, and growth of the newborn.

Other rodents and nonrodent species, such as mice, guinea pigs, mini pigs, ferrets, hamsters, dogs, and
nonhuman primates, have been used to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of drug candidates.

In Segment I, male fertility is determined by premating dosing of at least 4 weeks and with dosing
continuing throughout the mating period. Histopathology of these tests and sperm analysis is used to
detect effects on spermatogenesis. Female fertility is determined by premating dosing of at least 14 days
with dosing continuing during the mating period.

Segment II, or Teratology studies, are designed to ascertain if a drug candidate has potential for
embryotoicity or teratogenic effects and are conducted in a rodent and nonrodent species. The drug
candidate is administered during the period of organogenesis, which is usually considered gestation day 6
to 15 for mice and rats and gestation day 6 to 18 for rabbits. Fetuses are delivered by Cesarean section a
day or two before anticipated parturition. For rats, half of the fetuses are examined for visceral alterations
and the other half are evaluated for skeletal abnormalities. For rabbits, microdissection techniques for soft
tissue alterations allow all of the fetuses to be examined for both soft tissue and skeletal abnormalities.

Segment III studies are usually conducted only in rats and are designed to evaluate effects on perinatal
and postnatal development of pups and on maternal function. The drug candidate is administered to the
dams from implantation to the end of lactation. At the time of weaning, normally one male and one female
offspring per litter are selected for rearing to adulthood and mating to assess reproductive competence.

iii) Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity Study – Mutagenicity study aim to determine whether the proposed
drug is capable of inducing DNA damage, either by inducing alterations in chromosomal structure or by
promoting changes in nucleotide base sequence. Mutagenicity studies are usually carried out by both in
vitro and in vivo methods. The standard battery of tests recommended by ICH consists of a gene mutation
assay in bacteria, an in vitro test of chromosomal damage, or an in vitro mouse lymphoma thymidine
kinase (TK) assay, and an in vivo test of chromosomal damage using rodent hematopoietic cells.

Table 3- Standard Genetic Toxicology Test Battery (ICH)

iv) Carcinogenicity Study –Long-term carcinogenicity study is carried out, particularly if the drug is used for
administration over prolonged period (≥ 6 months). In such type of study animal is observed for the
development of tumors.

Carcinogenicity studies are conducted in two rodent species (mostly rats and mice) over a long-term period of
2 years. Two types of dose is used for the study – 1. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and 2. 25-fold AUC
ratio (25:1 exposure ratio of rodent to human plasma AUC of the parent compound)

v) Immunotoxicity Study –Ability of the drug compound to induce immune response or sensitivity is
studied. Immunotoxicity which may be investigated during repeated dose toxicity studies. It identifies adverse
effects of drugs on the immune system as immunosuppression which can lead to infectious diseases or
malignancies, hypersensitivity or autoimmune reactions to self antigens. To determine potential immune
reactions, different parameters like antibodies (IgM, IgE, IgG, etc.) are quantified, lymph nodes are weighed
or lymphoid cell morphology is analyzed.

vi) Toxicokinetic Studies – Toxicokinetic studies may be an integral part of nonclinical toxicity studies or
may be conducted as separate, supportive studies. In general, toxicokinetic studies should be performed
according to GLP regulations in conjunction with drug safety studies.

The primary objective of toxicokinetics studies is to define systemic exposure in animals along with the
relationship of such exposure to the dose level and time course of the toxicity study. Secondarily, kinetic
analyses relate exposure to toxicology findings and contribute to the assessment of the relevance of these
findings to clinical safety.

In toxicokinetic studies, the matrix of choice (e.g., blood, plasma, excreta, or tissues) should be sampled
frequently enough to permit estimation of the exposure without interfering with normal conduct of the study
or causing undue physiologic stress to the animals. The doses and duration chosen for toxicokinetic
evaluations should be based on those used in the single- and multiple-dose toxicology studies.

O Investigational New Drug Application

• After the successful completion of preclinical research, Drug developer or sponsor, must submit an
Investigational New Drug (IND) application to respective regulatory authority such as FDA in US,
CDSCO in India etc in order to start clinical research.

• The IND filing is the formal process by which a sponsor requests approval for testing of a drug in
human subjects.

In the IND application, following things are must included:

• Animal study data and toxicity data

• Manufacturing information

• Clinical protocols (study plans) for studies to be conducted

• Data from any prior human research

• Information about the investigator

• Any additional data

After submitting IND, respective regulatory authority reviewed all the data and if satisfied, they grant the
sponsor to begin clinical trial. It will take 30 -60 days after IND submission to get approval for clinical trial
from the FDA.

The Investigator’s Brochure: The Investigator’s Brochure (IB) is an important document, not only required
as a part of the IND but also prepared for presentation to potential clinical investigators and ultimately for
presentation to the investigator’s IRB(Institutional Review Board or Independent Review Board). The IB is a
compilation of the clinical and nonclinical data on the investigational product that is relevant to the study of
the product in human subjects.

Its purpose is to provide the investigators and others involved in the trial with information to facilitate their
understanding of the rationale for, and their compliance with, many key features of the protocol, such as the
dose, dose frequency/interval, methods of administration, and safety monitoring procedures.

The IB also provides insight to support the clinical management of the study subjects during the course of the
clinical trial. The information should be presented in a concise, simple, objective, and nonpromotional form
that enables a clinician or potential investigator to understand it and make his or her own unbiased risk-benefit
assessment of the appropriateness of the proposed trial. For this reason, a medically qualified person should
generally participate in the editing of an IB, but the contents of the IB should be approved by the disciplines
that generated the described data.

The IB should be reviewed at least annually and revised as necessary in compliance with a sponsor’s written
procedures.
Generally, the sponsor is responsible for ensuring that an up-to-date IB is made available to the
investigator(s), and the investigators are responsible for providing the upto- date IB to the responsible IRBs.

The following provides the information that should be included in the IB –

1. Title Page – This should provide the sponsor’s name, the identity of each investigational product (i.e.,
research number, chemical or approved generic name, and trade name(s) where legally permissible and
desired by the sponsor), and the release date. It is also suggested that an edition number and a reference to the
number and date of the edition it supersedes be provided.

TITLE PAGE OF INVESTIGATOR’S BROCHURE (Example)
●Sponsor’s Name: Product: Research Number: Name(s): Chemical, Generic (if approved)
●Trade Name(s) (if legally permissible and desired by the sponsor) Edition Number:
●Release Date:
●Replaces Previous Edition Number:
●Date:

2. Confidentiality Statement – The sponsor may wish to include a statement instructing the investigator/
recipients to treat the IB as a confidential document for the sole information and use of the investigator’s team
and the IRB/IEC.

3. Contents of the Investigator’s Brochure – The IB should contain the following sections, each with
literature references where appropriate:

1. Table of Contents
2. Summary
3. Introduction
4. Physical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Properties and Formulation
5. Nonclinical Studies
5.1. Nonclinical Pharmacology
5.2. Pharmacokinetics and Product Metabolism in Animals
5.3. Toxicology
6. Effects in Humans
6.1. Pharmacokinetics and Product Metabolism in Humans
6.2. Safety and Efficacy
6.3. Marketing Experience
7. Summary of Data and Guidance for the Investigator
8. Publications
9. Reports (these references should be found at the end of each chapter.) and Appendices (if any)
O Clinical Phase of Drug Development: Pre-clinical research provides a basic idea about drug’s safety in
animal models, but it is not a substitute for human subjects. “Clinical research” refers to studies, or trials, that
involve human subjects to establish the safety and efficacy of drug.

• Clinical trials consist of 4 phases –

* Phase I –

Study Participants: 20 to 100 healthy volunteers

Length of Study: Several months to one year

Purpose: Safety and Dose range

* Phase II –

Study Participants: 100 to 300 volunteers with the disease.

Length of Study: Up to 2 years

Purpose: Safety and Efficacy

* Phase III-

Study Participants: 300 to 3,000 volunteers who have the target disease

Length of Study: 1 to 4 years

Purpose: Confirm Efficacy and long term Safety, monitoring of adverse reactions

O New Drug Application (NDA)

• After the successful completion of clinical research, if the drug candidate proven satisfactory to be
safe and effective for its intended use, then drug sponsor can submit New Drug Application (NDA) to
respective regulatory authority in order to get marketing license and start commercial production.

• To submit New Drug Application (NDA) filing, drug sponsor must provide all the research data
which are obtained from preclinical to Phase 3 clinical trial along with following documents –

• Proposed labeling

• Safety updates

• Drug abuse information

• Patent information

• Location where the clinical trial studies have been conducted

• compliance Report of preclinical study

• Directions for use
NDA Review – After NDA received by the regulatory agency, it undergoes a technical screening. This
evaluation ensures that sufficient data and information have been submitted in each area that justify NDA
filing.

At the conclusion of the review of NDA, there are 3 possible outcomes that can send to drug sponsor:

1. Not approvable- it display list of deficiencies and explain the cause of rejection.

2. Approvable – minor changes are suggested for the marketing approval

3. Approved for marketing.

It will take 6 – 12 months after NDA submission to get approval letter for marketing

* Phase IV –Phase IV trials are post-approval trials in which adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are monitored
to ensure drug’s safety after being marketed. It is also called post-marketing surveillance studies. These
studies carried out by drug sponsor, government agency or individual research organizations periodically after
the drug being marketed.

Figure 2 – Different Phases o drug development

O BE Study – Bioequivalence (BE) studies are performed to demonstrate that different formulations or
regimens of drug product are similar to each other in terms of their therapeutic benefit (efficacy) and non
therapeutic side effects (safety). They play a key and pivotal role in the drug development process by ensuring
that when a patient switches to a new formulation in the marketplace, safety and efficacy will be maintained.
Bioequivalence studies are primarily used by pharmaceutical sponsors of new drug entities to demonstrate that
the formulation used in Phase III confirmatory clinical trials is sufficiently similar to the final commercial
formulation to be marketed following approval.

BE studies can be viewed as providing necessary and sufficient reassurance to regulators that the formulation
to be marketed is the same as that used in the clinical confirmatory trials without the need to repeat the
development program or to perform a therapeutic equivalence study in patients with clinical endpoints .

Bioequivalence studies must also be performed following substantial postmarketing formulation alteration.
They are also used by what is termed the ‘generic’ pharmaceutical industry to gain market access for
formulations of established drug therapies when the patent of the original sponsor’s formulation expires.
When the original sponsors themselves perform a formulation change (for instance, change the site of
manufacture) following approval, they often also must do a bioequivalence study to convince regulators that
the new formula is safe and effective to market

Bioequivalence studies are usually conducted in male and female healthy volunteer subjects. Each individual
subject is administered two formulations (T=Test or R=Reference) in one of two sequences of treatments
(e.g., RT and TR), R is the ‘standard’ and T is the ‘new’ formulation.

Each administration is separated by a washout period appropriate to the drug under study; this washout period
consists of five half-lives between administrations. Half-life is determined by looking at the elimination (after
Cmax) part of the PK concentration versus time curve and is simply the length of time it takes the body to
eliminate one-half of the amount of whatever drug is in the body at any given time. In general, if five half-
lives go by, little to no drug should be left in the systemic circulation

Figure 3- Schematic Plan of a 2 × 2 Cross-over Study

Such a design is termed a 2 × 2 cross-over [237] and is a type of design typically applied in bioequivalence
trials.

To demonstrate equivalence in plasma concentration profiles, rate and extent of bioavailability of the drug
substance in plasma must be sufficiently similar so as to meet the regulatory standard for showing that
exposure of the body to the drug substance is the same between formulations. For this purpose, Cmax (rate)
and AUC (extent) are typically used as summary measures for the plasma concentration curves and are
required to be demonstrated as equivalent under preset decision rules to achieve regulatory approval.

O Clinical Trial Protocol: The clinical trial protocol is a document that describes how a clinical trial will be
conducted (the objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations and organization of a clinical
trial,) and ensures the safety of the trial subjects and integrity of the data collected. Clinical trials carried out in
accordance with the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and ICH. The GCP-ICH regulations are
found in – E6 (R2) Good Clinical Practice: Integrated Addendum to ICH E6 (R1).

The contents of a trial protocol should generally include the following topics–

1. General Information

1.1 Protocol title, protocol identifying number, and date. Any amendment(s) should also bear the amendment
number(s) and date(s).

1.2 Name and address of the sponsor and monitor (if other than the sponsor).

1.3 Name and title of the person(s) authorized to sign the protocol and the protocol amendment(s) for the
sponsor.

1.4 Name, title, address, and telephone number(s) of the sponsor’s medical expert for the trial.

1.5 Name and title of the investigator(s) who is (are) responsible for conducting the trial, and the address and
telephone number(s) of the trial site(s).

1.6 Name, title, address, and telephone number(s) of the qualified physician (or dentist, if applicable), who is
responsible for all trial-site related medical (or dental) decisions (if other than investigator).

1.7 Name(s) and address(es) of the clinical laboratory(ies) and other medical and/or technical department(s)
and/or institutions involved in the trial.

2. Background Information

2.1 Name and description of the investigational product(s).

2.2 A summary of findings from nonclinical studies that potentially have clinical significance and are relevant
to the trial.

2.3 Summary of the known and potential risks and benefits, if any, to human subjects.

2.4 Description of and justification for the route of administration, dosage, dosage regimen, and treatment
period(s).

2.5 A statement that the trial will be conducted in compliance with the protocol, GCP and the applicable
regulatory requirement(s).

2.6 Description of the population to be studied.

2.7 References to literature and data that are relevant to the trial, and that provide background for the trial.

3. Trial Objectives and Purpose – A detailed description of the objectives and the purpose of the trial.
4. Trial Design -The scientific integrity of the trial and the credibility of the data from the trial depend
substantially on the trial design.

A description of the trial design should include:

4.1 A specific statement of the primary endpoints and the secondary endpoints, if any, to be measured during
the trial.

4.2 A description of the type/design of trial to be conducted (e.g. double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel
design) and a schematic diagram of trial design, procedures and stages.

4.3 A description of the measures taken to minimize/avoid bias, including:

(a) Randomization.

(b) Blinding.

4.4 A description of the trial treatment(s) and the dosage and dosage regimen of the investigational product(s).
Also include a description of the dosage form, packaging, and labelling of the investigational product(s).

4.5 The expected duration of subject participation, and a description of the sequence and duration of all trial
periods, including follow-up, if any.

4.6 A description of the “stopping rules” or “discontinuation criteria” for individual subjects, parts of trial and
entire trial.

4.7 Accountability procedures for the investigational product(s), including the placebo(s) and comparator(s), if
any.

4.8 Maintenance of trial treatment randomization codes and procedures for breaking codes.

4.9 The identification of any data to be recorded directly on the CRFs (i.e. no prior written or electronic record
of data), and to be considered to be source data.

5. Selection and Withdrawal of Subjects –

5.1 Subject inclusion criteria.

5.2 Subject exclusion criteria.

5.3 Subject withdrawal criteria (i.e. terminating investigational product treatment/trial treatment) and
procedures specifying:

(a) When and how to withdraw subjects from the trial/ investigational product treatment.

(b) The type and timing of the data to be collected for withdrawn subjects.

(c) Whether and how subjects are to be replaced.

(d) The follow-up for subjects withdrawn from investigational product treatment/trial treatment.
6. Treatment of Subjects –

6.1 The treatment(s) to be administered, including the name(s) of all the product(s), the dose(s), the dosing

schedule(s), the route/mode(s) of administration, and the treatment period(s), including the follow-up

period(s) for subjects for each investigational product treatment/trial treatment group/arm of the trial.

6.2 Medication(s)/treatment(s) permitted (including rescue medication) and not permitted before and/or during

the trial.

6.3 Procedures for monitoring subject compliance.

7. Assessment of Efficacy –

7.1 Specification of the efficacy parameters.

7.2 Methods and timing for assessing, recording, and analysing of efficacy parameters.

8. Assessment of Safety –

8.1 Specification of safety parameters.

8.2 The methods and timing for assessing, recording, and analysing safety parameters.

8.3 Procedures for eliciting reports of and for recording and reporting adverse event and intercurrent illnesses.

8.4 The type and duration of the follow-up of subjects after adverse events.

9. Statistics –

9.1 A description of the statistical methods to be employed, including timing of any planned interim analysis.

9.2 The number of subjects planned to be enrolled. In multicentre trials, the numbers of enrolled subjects

projected for each trial site should be specified. Reason for the choice of sample size including clinical

justification.

9.3 The level of significance to be used.

9.4 Criteria for the termination of the trial.

9.5 Procedure for accounting for missing, unused, and spurious data.

9.6 Procedures for reporting any deviation(s) from the original statistical plan (any deviation(s) from the

original statistical plan should be described and justified in protocol and/or in the final report, as appropriate).
9.7 The selection of subjects to be included in the analyses (e.g. all randomized subjects, all dosed subjects, all
eligible subjects, evaluable subjects).

10. Direct Access to Source Data/Documents –

The sponsor should ensure that it is specified in the protocol or other written agreement that the
investigator(s)/institution(s) will permit trial-related monitoring, audits, IRB/IEC review, and regulatory
inspection(s), providing direct access to source data/documents.

11. Quality Control and Quality Assurance

12. Ethics – Description of ethical considerations relating to the trial.

13. Data Handling and Record Keeping

14. Financing and Insurance- Financing and insurance if not addressed in a separate agreement.

15. Publication Policy- Publication policy, if not addressed in a separate agreement.

16. Supplements

O Biostatistics in Pharmaceutical Product Development –

Statistics plays an important role in drug product development. Its use is necessary for planning and analyzing
trials and using statistics correctly is crucial for the success of drug development programs. Applications of
biostatistics in pharmaceutical product development are as follows –

 Provide scientific method thinking into the target identification process

 Assess the ability to Quantify effect on target of interest

-Does animal model translate into human?

-How will effective dose be identified?

 Provide critical input into quantification of risk (Risk assessment)

 Agree criteria for stopping dose escalation

 Assist in establishing go/no go decision criteria (significance testing-p value)

 Review of safety margins from animal data

 Assist in appropriate study design selection and of Primary endpoints for studies.

 Design and implementation of randomization systems in study design.

 Helps in sample collection, data analysis and refinement, error and bias detection.

 Design and optimize formulation, optimize process parameters in pilot plant scale up.

 Used as Analytical methods validation tool.

Key Statistical supports in different phases of drug development are summarize below –
Table 4 – Drug Product Development and Statistical Support
O Data Presentation for FDA Submissions: Following points to be consider for NDA submissions or other
regulatory submissions –

1. TEXT EXPOSITION –

A. Content – Most NDA submissions contain an enormous amount of data, which cannot be presented
entirely within the body of a document. Although all the data collected for an individual subject or patient (or
groups of subjects or patients) may be important, critical judgment must be exercised in the selection of key
data for presentation and discussion within a given document. Data necessary for the development of a
specific thesis should be presented within the body of the document rather than placed into a remote appendix,
which will impede the review.

Less important data can be summarized briefly, clearly referenced in text, and placed in appendices. Any data
submitted will have to be evaluated, so the inclusion of extraneous data will slow the review of the
application. The submission should note the existence of such data and have it available upon request of the
FDA.

B. Tone – The tone of the text should be formal without being stilted. Avoid legal language on the one hand
and colloquial or informal language on the other.

C. Conciseness – The following points address ways of making NDA documents more concise.

1. Keep the language simple and straightforward.

2. Use acronyms and initialisms to speed up the flow of text if they are easily recognized and have been
spelled out at first mention. Those that may be confused with another used in the same document should be
spelled out.

3. Eliminate redundancies. A careful review of the text will find many words, phrases, and even sentences that
can be omitted. Sentences can often be combined by the deletion of redundant phrases, thus improving the
flow of the text.

D. Correctness – The textual presentation should agree with the tabular data in the document; in turn, the
tabular data should agree with the data source (which agrees with the case report for and other clinical
documentation). This is critical to the scientific merit of the submission. When lack of agreement between in-
text data and source documents is found, the entire submission may be suspect, and the reviewer will be
inclined to spend much more time evaluating the raw data to be sure of the conclusions.

E. Consistency – Consistent punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and other styling conventions are
much desired in all documents with proper judgment.

F. Clarity -The FDA reviewer should be able to read through an application expeditiously and not have to
stop to try to discern the meaning of a textual presentation. Clarity is facilitated by careful attention to the
following:

1. Punctuation.
2. Sentence structure and length.

3. Misplaced modifiers.

4. Parallelism. Because much of the data in an NDA involves comparisons of one group to another, parallel
structure is important in presenting the data.

G. Outline of Sections and Subsections – The clear relationship of one section to another is critical to the
review of a document.

The decimal system is a very popular outlining system; it is easy to use and can be set up automatically in
most current word processing software applications. Another popular outlining system is the alphanumeric
system, where letters and numbers alternate as section headers.

H. Indenting – Avoid indenting large sections of text. Most text should be flush to the left margin with
appropriate headers to identify the section. Multiple and sequential indenting wastes of space and is confusing.
Short lists are appropriately indented, and conventions like indenting with bullets are useful to break up long
sections of text.

I. Global to Specific –

For any section, begin with global statements or data and then discuss the specifics. For example, in the
discussion of adverse events, the overall presentation of the events should precede the presentation by
severity, by relationship, by subgroup, etc. It is particularly important in the discussion of the populations
evaluated in a particular document. Begin with the all inclusive population first, then define the
subpopulations.

2. TABULAR PRESENTATION –

In-text, tables should be used whenever they simplify the presentation and allow for substantial reduction in
text. Comprehensive multipage tables that interrupt text should be avoided, if possible, unless they are critical.
However, if the tables are very important, they can be placed in the same volume in an appendix. Usually,
data can be collapsed to be included in the in-text table, with reference to the full table in an easy-to-locate
appendix. It should be mentioned that any tables, figures, or graphs in the appendices must have in-text
references. Information from the tables should not be repeated in the text except as part of a concluding
statement about the tabular data or trends seen in the data. The commentary on data from the tables should
precede the table, beginning with an introduction to the table by number and a statement identifying what type
of data it contains.

Additional commentary related to the table but not derived from the tabular data may follow the table.

A. Title – All tables require concise but descriptive titles.

B. Data Source – Every table should identify the source of the data contained in it. This is usually done in a
footnote to the table. The volume and page numbers will be inserted at the end of the project.
C. Footnotes – Footnotes should be assigned letters (superscripted), not symbols or numbers, which can be
confused with the data. In multipage tables, footnotes should be assigned letters in the order in which they
appear on the specific page of the table. Always begin such tables on a new page to avoid changing the
footnotes as the tables shift with the addition of preceding text.

D. Orientation – Portrait tables are always preferable to landscape tables. If data appear not to fit in the
portrait orientation, try changing the axes of the table, so that the axis with more individual descriptors is
vertical, whereas the axis with fewer items is horizontal (column headings). Also consider revising the table
into separate sections under the same column headers, with descriptive headings for each section spanning the
width of the table.

E. Order of Data Presentation – In multiple tables with similar data, present the data in the same order as
much as possible. If the first column always has the active drug and the second column the placebo or
comparative agent, then keep this order throughout the tables. In the analysis of data by demographic or
disease subgroup, it is helpful to keep the subgroup of concern

(i.e., women, the elderly, racial subgroups, impaired renal function) in the same column in each table.

F. Present Meaningful Data Together – Try to present the data that will be evaluated and compared as close
together as possible rather than scattered around the table.

O Management of Clinical Trials – The key elements in managing clinical programs are as follows -.

* Investigator selection – US GCP Federal Regulations and ICH GCP Guidelines mandate that a sponsor
select only investigators qualified by training and experience as appropriate experts to evaluate an
investigational product (21 CFR 312.53). A similar reference appears in the ICH GCP Guidelines as well.

* Preinvestigational site visits (PISV) – After prescreening of potential investigators is established, it is
vitally important that a PISV be conducted at the investigational site with the investigator and their staff to
continue to assess their ability to conduct the trial. The PISV is usually performed by the monitor or an
authorized individual appointed by the sponsor company.

*Study initiation visits (SIV) – Once the PISV is complete, an SIV is the next step.The initiation visit is a
training programme. This is the last training on the protocol that the investigators and their staffs will have
before beginning to recruit and enroll subjects into the trial. During this meeting, the monitor will review the
following in details – Study Protocol, Adverse experience and serious adverse experience reporting
documentation,reports, Product dispensation and accountability, Case Report Form (CRF) completion,
Review of regulatory documents and Source documentation.

*Trial conduct and execution -There are several other key components to trial execution that will require
special attention: subject recruitment, the informed consent, IRBs/IEC review product accountability, adverse
experience and adverse reaction reporting, financial disclosure, and record retention. Each is critical in the
overall success of a clinical trial.
* Periodic monitoring visits – Both the CFR and the ICH GCP guidelines require that the sponsor monitor
the progress of the clinical trial at the site where the trial is being conducted. The overall purpose of these
periodic monitoring visits by the sponsor’s monitor is to assure that the investigators and their staffs follow
GCP regulations and guidelines and adhere to the protocol to assure that the rights of the subjects participating
in the clinical trial are being protected and that the data reported is complete, accurate, and verifiable.

* Subject Recruitment- One of the surest ways to decrease the overall time to complete a clinical trial is to
recruit subjects into the trial in the shortest amount of time. The secret to effective subject recruitment is
planning on how and where to recruit a subject population. In planning for recruitment, one must know and
understand the subject population that will meet the protocol criteria. What motivates these subjects to
participate in the clinical trial? What kind of medical treatment are they presently receiving, and who are they
seeing to get this treatment? What is the present status of their medical condition?

*Product accountability – Clinical trials evaluate new investigational drug/devices which have not yet
received marketing authorization from the appropriate health care authority. Therefore it is mandatory that
strict control be maintained on any investigational product. The investigator is responsible for the
accountability of the test product. Investigational products should only be prescribed by the investigator or
authorized sub investigators. The sponsor is responsible for retrieving/verifying the disposition of all used and
unused product. Detailed records of product accountability must be maintained throughout a trial with
information on the date dispensed, the quantity dispensed, the subject identifier (subject number), and the
batch number of product prescribed.

*AE and ADR reporting -Drug safety and adverse reactions are closely related in an inversely proportional
manner. In the United States, drug safety is under strict legislative control mandated by the FDA. Federal
regulations require a sponsor to report adverse experiences and reactions for an investigational product at both
the investigational and the post marketing stages.

*Financial disclosure – One of the newest components of a clinical trial is financial disclosure. This regulation
initiated in the United States on February 2, 1999, is required on all current or ongoing clinical trials filed in
an IND. Financial disclosure is defined by the FDA as compensation related to the outcome of the study,
proprietary interest in the product (e.g., patent), significant equity interest in the sponsor of the study,
significant payments of other sorts to the investigator or institution (e.g., equipment, honorariums). The reason
for this regulation is to assure the FDA that appropriate steps were taken to minimize bias in the design,
conduct, reporting, and analysis of the studies even when the investigator has a financial interest in a new
product.

*Study close-out visits (SCV) – Once a trial is completed at an investigational site, the study must be
appropriately closed. This cannot occur until all of the subjects have completed the course of the trial, or were
dropped or withdrawn, and all data queries and issues have been addressed and resolved in the final
evaluations. Only when this is done can the monitor proceed to a close-out visit. The following checklist will
guide the monitor in completing the SCV:

All subjects entered in the trial have been accounted for.
All CRF pages have been completed and retrieved.

All data queries have been resolved.

All AEs and ADRs have been reported and followed up.

All investigational product has been accounted for and disposed of or returned to the sponsor.

All remaining supplies (CRFs, ancillary supplies) are returned or disposed of properly.

Regulatory records are complete and organized in the Trial Binder.

All outstanding issues are addressed.

* Records retention and inspections – Record retention is critical to the ongoing viability of the study data.
The FDA or other health care authorities may conduct an on-site inspection to verify the data from a given site
at some time after submission of the New Drug Application (NDA). This information must be readily
available at the site. Both the CFR and the ICH require that the records be retained for two years after the date
of a marketing application is approved.

List of Abbreviations:

ADME – Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
ADR – Adverse Drug Reaction
AUC – Area under the curve
ANDA- Abbreviated New Drug Application (for a generic drug)
DoE – Design of Experiment
CFR – Code of Federal Regulations (usually cited by part and chapter, as 21 CFR 211)
EU- European Union
GCP- Good Clinical Practice
GLP – Good Laboratory Practice
IB – Investigator’s Brochure
ICH – International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of
Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
IEC- Independent Ethics Committee
IND – Investigational New Drug Application
IRB – Institutional Review Board, sometimes Independent Review Board.
IRC – Institutes Review Committee
IRD – International Registration Document
ISO -International Organisation for Standardisation
MAA -Marketing Authorization Application
MTD -Maximum tolerated dose
NCE – New chemical entity
NDA- New Drug Application
PAT- Process Analytical Technology
SPC – Statistical Process Control
USFDA – U.S. Federal Drug Administration

References –

1. Guarino RA: New Drug Approval Process: Accelerating Global Registrations. 4th ed.: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
(New York), 2004.

2. Senn S: Statistical Issues in Drug Development, 2nd ed.: © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, (West Sussex) 2007.
3. Turner JR: New Drug Development: Design, Methodology and Analysis. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, (West
Sussex) 2007.

4. Patterson s, Jones B.: Bioequivalence and Statistics In Clinical Pharmacology. ©Chapman & Hall/CRC,
2006.

5. Chow SC, Shao J.: Statistics In Drug Research: Methodologies And Recent Developments. Marcel Dekker,
Inc. (New York), 2002.

6. Chapter 12: Regulatory Affairs: Moyer, E. D.: Keeping Product Development on Track. In: Cynthia
Robbins-Roth, editors. Alternative Careers in Science. 2nd ed.: Academic Press; © 2006 Elsevier Inc. p. 125–
138.

7. Roshan K, Jha A.: Role Of Regulatory Affairs In Pharmaceutical Company: An Overview. Global Journal
for Research Analysis 2008; 7(1): 51-53.

8. Sanghi DK, Tiwle R.: Role of Regulatory Affairs in a Pharmaceutical Industry. International Journal of
Pharmacy Review & Research 2014; 4 (2): 127-131.

9. Sawant AM, Mali DP, Bhagwat DA. : Regulatory Requirements and Drug Approval Process in India,
Europe and US. Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs 2018; 7 (2): 1-10.

10. Peterson JJ, Snee RD, McAllister PR, Schofield TL, Carella AJ. : Statistics in Pharmaceutical
Development and Manufacturing. Journal of Quality Technology 2009; 41 (2): 111-134.

11. Andrade E.L, Bento A , Cavalli J, Oliveira SK, Schwanke R.C, Siqueira J.M, Freitas C.S, Marcon R, J.B.
Calixto. : Non clinical studies in the process of new drug development – Part II: Good laboratory practice,
metabolism, pharmacokinetics, safety and dose translation to clinical studies. Brazilian Journal of Medical and
Biological Research 2016; 49(12): 1-19.

12. Dorato MA, Buckley LA. : Toxicology in the Drug Discovery and Development Process. Current
Protocols in Pharmacology 2006; 32 (1): 10.3.1-10.3.35.

13. Patravale VB, Disouz JI, Rustomjee M.: Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into
Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs. 1st ed.: © CRC Press, 2016.

14. E6 (R2) Good Clinical Practice: Integrated Addendum to ICH E6 (R1) -Guidance for Industry

15. https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process

16. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9-statistical-principles-
clinical-trials

17. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/m3r2-nonclinical-safety-
studies-conduct-human-clinical-trials-and-marketing-authorization

…………………………………………………XXX……………………………………………………………
………………
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY – II (BP702T)
UNIT- IV
Prepared By: Mr. Asit Baran Panigragy, Asst. Professor
Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
Berhampur, Odisha, 760002
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT:

Total – made up of the whole
Quality – degree of excellence a product or service provides
Management – act, art, or manner of planning, controlling and Directing. Therefore,
TQM is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence.

Characteristics of TQM
 Committed management.
 Adopting and communicating about total quality management.
 Closer customer relations.
 Closer provider relations.
 Benchmarking.
 Increased training.
 Open organization
 Employee empowerment.
 Flexible production.
 Process improvements.
 Process measuring

Principles of TQM
1. Produce quality work the first time and every time.
2. Focus on the customer.
3. Have a strategic approach to improvement.
4. Improve continuously.
5. Encourage mutual respect and teamwork

The key elements of the TQM
 Focus on the customer.
 Employee involvement
 Continuous improvement

Focus on the customer
• It is important to identify the organization’s customers.
• External customers consume the organization’s product or service.
• Internal customers are employees who receive the output of other employees.
• Since the quality is considered the job of all employees, employees should be involved
in quality initiatives.
• Front line employees are likely to have the closest contact with external customers and
thus can make the most valuable contribution to quality.
• Therefore, employees must have the authority to innovate and improve quality.

Continuous Improvement
• The quest for quality is a never-ending process in which people are continuously
working to improve the performance, speed, and number of features of the product or
service.
• Continuous improvement means that small, incremental improvement that occurs on a
regular basis will eventually add up to vast improvement in quality.
• TQM is the management process used to make continuous improvements to all
functions.
• TQM represents an ongoing, continuous commitment to improvement.
• The foundation of total quality is a management philosophy that supports meeting
customer requirements through continuous improvement.

Continuous Process Improvement
▪ View all work as process – production and business.
▪ Process – purchasing, design, invoicing, etc.
▪ Inputs – process – outputs.
▪ Process improvement – increased customer satisfaction.
▪ Improvement – 5 ways:
▪ reduce resources, reduce errors, meet expectations of downstream customers, make
process safer, make process more satisfying to the person doing

Benefits Of TQM:
• Improved quality.
• Employee participation.
• Team work.
• Working relationships.
• Customer satisfaction.
• Employee satisfaction.
• Productivity.
• Communication.
• Profitability.
• Market share.

Importance of TQM in pharma industry Handling:
• Containers should be opened carefully and subsequently resealed in an approved
manner.
• Highly sensitising material such as penicillins and cephalosporins should be handled in
separate production areas.
• Highly active or toxic API (e.g. certain steroids, cytostatic substances) should be
manufactured in a dedicated area and using dedicated equipment.
• Pure and final API should be handled in an environment giving adequate protection
against contamination.

Storage:
• Secure storage facilities should be designated for use to prevent damage or deterioration
of materials.
• These should be kept clean and tidy and subject to appropriate pest control measures.
• Environmental conditions should be recorded.
• The condition of stored material should be assessed at appropriate intervals.
• Storage conditions for api should be based upon stability studies considering time,
temperature, humidity, light etc

Packaging:
• Labelling and packaging processes should be defined and controlled to ensure that
correct packaging materials are used correctly, and other specified requirements are met.
• Printed labels should be securely stored to avoid mix-ups arising.
• Marking and labelling should be legible and durable, provide sufficient information, for
accurate identification and indicate, if appropriate, required storage conditions, retest
and/or expiry date.

Facilities and equipment:
• The location, design, and construction of buildings should be suitable for the type and
stage of manufacture involved, protecting the product from contamination (including
cross-contamination) and protecting operators and the environment from the product.
• Equipment surfaces in contact with materials used in api manufacture should be non-
reactive.

Sterile area
• Personnel suffering from an infectious disease or having open lesions on the exposed
surface of the body should avoid activities which could compromise the quality of API.
• Smoking, eating, drinking, chewing and storage of food should be restricted to
designated areas separated from production or control areas.
Labelling
• Each container should be identified by an appropriate label, showing at least the product
identification and the assigned batch code, or any other easily understandable
combination of both.
• . Containers for external distribution may require additional labels.

Computerisedsystems :
• . Computer systems should be designed and operated to prevent unauthorised entries or
changes to the programme.
• In the case of manual entry of quality critical data there should be a second independent
check to verify accuracy of the initial entry.
• A back-up system should be provided of all quality critical data.

Advantages of tqm
• Improves reputation- faults and problems are spotted and sorted quicker.
• Higher employee morale- workers motivated by extra responsibility, teamwork and
involvement indecisions of tqm.
• Lower cost.
• Decrease waste as fewer defective products and no need for separate.

Disadvantages of tqm:
• Initial introduction cost.
• Benefits may not be seen for several years.
• Workers may be resistant to change.
A model for organization management.

BENEFITS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• Financial benefits include lower costs, higher returns on sales and investment, and the
ability to charge higher rather than competitive prices.
• Improved access to global markets, higher customer retention levels, less
• Time required to develop new innovations, and a reputation as a quality firm.
• Total quality management (tqm) is one such approach that seeks to improve quality and
• Performance which will meet or exceed customer expectations.

CONCLUSION:
• TQM encourages participation amongst employees, managers, and organization as
whole.
• Using Quality management reduces rework nearly to zero in an achievable goal .The
responsibilities either its professional, social, legal one that rest with the pharmaceutical
manufacturer for the assurance of quality of product are tremendous and it can only be
achieved by well organised.
• Work culture and complete engagement of the employees at the workplace. It should be
realised that national & international regulations must be implemented systematically and
process.
• Control should be practiced rigorously.
• Thus quality is critically important ingredient to organisational success today which can
be achieved by TQM, an organisational approach that focusses on quality as an over
achieving goals, aimed at aimed at the prevention of defects rather than detection of
defects..

QUALITY BY DESIGN(QbD)

Definition:

‘Systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes
product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk.

The concept of QBD was mention in ICH Q8 guidelines, which states that, “To identify quality
cannot be tested in products, i.e. Quality should be built into product by design.

Advantages:

 Benefits for Industry:
 Better understanding of the process.
 Less batch failure.
 More efficient and effective control of change.

Additional opportunities:

 Reduction of post-approval submissions.
 More efficient technology transfer to manufacturing.
 Risk-based approach and identification.
 Innovative process validation approaches.

Objectives:

 The main objectives of QBD is to ensure the quality products, for that product & process
characteristics important to desired performance must be resulting from a combination of
prior knowledge & new estimation during development.
 From this knowledge& data process measurement & desired attributes may be
constructed.
 Ensures combination of product& process knowledge gained during development.
Key Aspects of QbD:

Target product profile

Critical Quality Atibutes

Risk Assessment

Design Space

Control Strategy

Life cycle Management

The Target Product Quality Profile (TPQP):

TPQP has been defined as a “prospective and dynamic summary of the quality characteristics of
a drug product that ideally will be achieved to ensure that the desired quality, and thus the safety
and efficacy, of a drug product is realized.

TPP forms the basis for product design in the following way

 Dosage form Route of administration
 Strength Release.
 Pharmacological characteristic
 Drug product quality criteria.
 Pharmaceutical elegance.

Critical Quality Attribute (CQA):

 Once TPQP has been identified, the next step is to identify the relevant CQAs.
 A CQA has been defined as “a physical, chemical, biological, or microbiological
property or characteristic that should be within an appropriate limit, range, or distributed
to ensure the desired product quality.
 Prior product knowledge, such as the accumulated laboratory, nonclinical and clinical
experience with a specific product-quality attribute, is the key in making these risk
assessments.
Critical Process Parameter (CPPs) :

 Critical process parameters (CPPs) are defined as “parameters whose variability have an
impact on a CQA and therefore should be monitored or controlled to ensure the process
produces the desired quality.
 Process robustness is defined as the ability of a process to demonstrate acceptable quality
and performance and tolerate variability in inputs at the same time.

Risk Assessment:
 Quality risk management is a systematic process for the assessment, control,
communication, and review of risks to the quality of the drug (medicinal) product across
the product lifecycle.
 The initial list of potential parameters which can affect CQAs can be quite extensive but
can be reduced by quality risk assessment (QRA).

Design Space:
 The ICH Q8(R2) States that the design space is multi-dimensional combination and
interaction of input variables (e.g., material attributes) and process parameters that have
been demonstrated to provide assurance of quality.
 Working within the design space is not considered as a change. Movement out of the
design space is a change and would normally initiate a regulatory post approval change
process.

Control Strategy:

 Control strategy is defined as “a planned set of controls, derived from current product and
process understanding that assures process performance and product quality”.
 The ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of in process and/or final product based on
process data which typically include a valid combination of measured material attributes
and process controls. ICH Q8(R2).
 The control strategy can include the following elements: procedural controls, in process
controls, lot release testing, process monitoring, characterization testing, comparability
testing and stability testing.

Life Cycle Management:

 In the QBD paradigm, process changes within the design space will not require review
or approval.
 Therefore, process improvements during the product life cycle with regard to process
consistency and throughput could take place with fewer post approval submissions.
Significance:

 Quality by Design means –designing and developing formulations and manufacturing
processes to ensure a predefined quality.
 Quality by Design requires – understanding how formulation and manufacturing process
variables influence product quality.
 Quality by Design ensures – Product quality with effective control strategy.

SIX SIGMA

Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing
the causes of defects. Six Sigma approach is a collection of managerial and statistical
deficiencies in product. The concept of Variation states “NO two items will be perfectly
identical.
In a process that has achieved six sigma capability, the variation is small compared to the
range of specification limit.
A six-sigma process is one in which 99.9999966% of the products manufactured are
statistically expected to be free of defects (3.4 defects per million).
Six Sigma is a very clever way of branding and packaging many aspects of Total Quality
Management (TQM). ( TQM is a management approach to long–term success through
customer satisfaction.)
Manufacturing methods of six sigma are used in Batch production, Job production &
Mass production.

The Characteristics of Six Sigma:

Statistical Quality Control: Six sigma is clearly derived from Greek letter sigma which is
used to denote standard deviation in statistics which is used to measure nonconformance
as far quality output is concerned.
Methodical Approach:The six sigma is not merely quality improvement strategy in the
theory as it features a well-defined methodical approach of application in DMAIC and
DMADV which can be used for quality production.
Fact and Data Based Approach: The statistical and methodical aspects of Six Sigma
show the scientific basis of the technique. This accentuates an important aspect of Six
Sigma that it is fact and data based
Project and Objective Based Focus: The Six Sigma process is implemented for an
organization’s project tailored to its specifications and requirement. The process is flexed
to suit the requirements and conditions in which a project is operating to get the best
results. Apart from that, the Six Sigma is also objective based. The management needs
some incentive to invest in the Six Sigma process. It is aimed to enhance profitability and
to generate financial.
The Customer Focus: The customer focus is fundamental to the Six Sigma approach.
The quality improvement and control standards are based on the explicit customer
requirements.
Teamwork Approach to Quality Management: The Six Sigma process requires
organizations to get organized when it comes to controlling and improving quality. Six
Sigma involves a lot of training depending on the role of an individual in the Quality
Management team.

Six Sigma Objectives:
Overall Business Improvement: Six Sigma methodology focuses on business
improvement. Beyond reducing the number of defects present in any given number of
products.
Remedy Defects/Variability: Any business seeking improved numbers must reduce the
number of defective products or services it produces. Defective products can harm
customer satisfaction levels.
Reduce Costs: Reduced costs equal increased profits. A company implementing Six
Sigma principles must look to reduce costs wherever it possibly can–without reducing
quality.
Improve Cycle Time: Any reduction in the amount of time it takes to produce a product
or perform a service means money saved, both in maintenance costs and personnel
wages. Additionally, customer satisfaction improves when both retailers and end users
receive products sooner than expected. The company that can get a product to its
customer faster may win her business.
Increase Customer Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction depends upon successful
resolution of all Six Sigma’s other objectives. But customer satisfaction is an objective all
its own.

Methodologies
Six Sigma projects follow two project methodologies:
1. DMAIC
2. DMADV
1. DMAIC: DMAIC is used for projects aimed at improving an existing business process.
The DMAIC project methodology has Five phases:
1. Define 2. Measure 3. Analyze 4. Improve 5. Control
2.DMADV: DMADV is used for projects aimed at creating new product or process
designs. DMADV project methodology has Five phase:
1. Define 2. Measure 3. Analyze 4. Design 5. Verify

OUT OF SPECIFICATION (OOS)
Definition:The term OOS (out of specification), is defined as those results of in process or
finished product testing, which falling out of specified limits, that are mentioned in compendia,
drug master file, or drug application.
The OOS, may arise due to deviations in product manufacturing process, errors in testing
procedure, or due to malfunctioning of analytical equipment.

The reasons for OOS can be classified as
1.Assignable
2.And Non-Assignable.

Schematic representation:

OOS ( OUT OF SPECIFICATION) OCCURRED

ANALYST INFORM

QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER

INFORM QUALITY ASSURANCE MANAGER

TO ISSUE OOS FORM TO ANALYST

ANALYST DECIDES

NON- ASSIGNABLE ASSIGNABLE CAUSE

CAUSE

Investigation of OOS results: Phase 1
Investigation of out of specification Laboratory Investigation

Review of Production

Phase 2 Additional laboratory test

Phase-1 Investigation

QC investigation (assignable cause)

Analytical Error Laboratory Error/Calculation Error Non analytical Error/

Re analysis on same Rectify

Sample

Results OOS

Results within specification

Release Phase-2

Phase-2 Investigation

Review of production Additional laboratory testing

(Assingnable)

Root cause identified Reanalyze the sample by 2nd Re sampling by

Rejected analyst in duplicate analyst in duplicate
Investigation and corrective All results within specifications Results out of specification

Released Rejected

Investigation & corrective action Investigation & corrective action

CHANGE CONTROL

Definition:
Change control is a systematic approach to managing all changes made to a product or
system. The purpose is to ensure that no unnecessary changes are made, that all changes
are documented, that services are not unnecessarily disrupted and that resources are used
efficiently.

Procedure:
1. The initiating department shall initiate the change as per the change control format
2. The initiating department shall furnish the details very clearly in the form for present
process/use, proposed change, Justification & impact analysis and acceptance criteria.
3. The initiating department shall also define changes as major or minor based on product
quality or its impact of safety, health, and environmental aspects. Some of the major and
minor changes are listed below:
Major Changes: For a substance of chemical and microbiological quality evaluation.
• Addition or deletion of a step or addition of an alternative/new step in the formulation
manufacturing process.
• Addition of a new manufacturing site with modification of the formulation
manufacturing process described in the original dossier/document.
• Change in input quantities of formulation manufacturing process.
• Changes in the quality of raw material(s) or key intermediate(s) used in the formulation
manufacturing process.
Minor Changes:
• Change in the administrative references (name/company name, address) of the
certificate holder.
• Change in the references (name/company name, address) of the manufacturing site.
• Change or updating of the methods of analysis used to test the substance.
• Change in the specifications of the substance.
• Change in supplier of starting and packing material.
• Change in the batch size.
• Addition of a new manufacturing site in the same site as described in the original
dossier.
• Change in the documents like SOPs etc.
Key Benefits of Change Control System:
 Structured and consistent approach towards managing change.
 Documenting the details of change.
 Routing of change requests to appropriate individuals/team for approvals
Documentation of change approvals and implementation.
 Maintenance of change history and easy retrieval of information.
 Tracking changes effectively and providing an audit trail.
 Demonstrate compliance to FDA regulations.

Quality Standard – ISO 9000

1.The ISO 9000 family of standards is related to quality management systems and
designed to help organizations ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other
stakeholders while meeting statutory and regulatory requirements.

2. ISO 9000 deals with the fundamentals of quality management systems, including
the eight management principles on which the family of standards is based.
3. International standards promote international trade by providing one consistent

set of requirements recognized around the world.

4. ISO 9000 can help a company satisfy its customers, meet regulatory requirements
and achieve continual improvement. It provides the base level of a quality system,
not a complete guarantee of quality.
5. Originally published in 1987 by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), a specialized international agency for standardization
composed of the national standards bodies of 90 countries.

Eight Quality Management Principles:

1.Customer focus
2. Leadership
3.Involvement of people Process approach
4. System approach to management
5. Continual improvement
6.Factual approach to decision making
7. Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
ISO 9000 Series:

ISO 9000: • Explains fundamental quality concepts and provides guidelines for
the selection and application of each standard.
ISO 9001: • Model for quality assurance in design, development, production,
installation, and servicing.
ISO 9002: Model for quality assurance in the production and installation of
manufacturing systems.
ISO 9003: Quality assurance in final inspection and testing.
ISO 9004: Guidelines for the applications of standards in quality management and
quality systems

Advantages

 Quality is maintained,
 ISO registration also has a significant bearingon market credibility as well.
 Opportunity to compete with larger companies.
 More time spent on customer focus.
 Confirmation that your company is committed to quality.
 May facilitate trade and increased market opportunities.
 Can increase customer confidence and satisfaction.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO 14000)

 ISO is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various
national standards organizations.
 Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary,
industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
 ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to
help organizations.
 Minimize how their operations (processes etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e.
cause adverse changes to air, water, or land)
 Comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented
requirements continually improve in the above.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:

An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a framework that helps a company achieve its
environmental goals through consistent control of its operations. The assumption is that this
increased control will improve the environmental performance of the company.
STANDARDS UNDER ISO 14000 SERIES:

 ISO 14001 is an EMS standard.
 ISO 14010 series of standards are about auditing.
 ISO 14020 is about environmental labeling.
 ISO 14030 is a standard on environmental performance evaluation.
 ISO 14040 series are on environmental life cycleassessment(LAC)

ISO 14001 STANDARD:

ISO 14001 is known as a generic management system standard, meaning that it is relevant to any
organization seeking to improve and manage resources more effectively. This includes:

 Single site to large multi-national companies.
 High risk companies to low risk service organizations.
 Manufacturing, process and the service industries; including local governments.
 All industry sectors including public and private sectors.
 Original equipment manufacturers and their suppliers.

BASIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY:

 Plan
 Do
 Check
 Act

BENEFITS:

 It can be applied to any type of organization.
 It helps in maintaining an efficient quality system in an organization.
 It creates confidence in customer on the quality of product supplied.
 It acts as competitive barrier.

National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL)

NABL specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and calibrations,
including sampling. It covers testing and calibration performed using standard methods, non-
standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods.

NABL is an autonomous society providing Accreditation (Recognition) of Technical competence
of a testing, calibration, medical laboratory & Proficiency testing provider (PTP) & Reference
Material Producer (RMP).
NABL stands for National Accreditation Board for Testing And Calibration Laboratories. NABL
has agreements with ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation Conference) and APLAC
(Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation). These are especially valuable for
International recognition and mutual acceptance of test results. In short accreditation has
worldwide acceptance.

NABL Mission:

To strengthen the accreditation system accepted across the globe by providing high quality, value
driven services, fostering APLAC/ILAC MRA, empanelling competent assessors, creating
awareness among the stake holders, initiating new programs supporting accreditation activities
and pursuing organisational excellence.

Benefits of Accreditation:

1. Potential increase in business due to enhanced customer confidence and satisfaction.
Savings in terms of time and money due to reduction or elimination of the need for
re-testing .
2. Better control of laboratory operations and feedback to laboratories as to whether they
have sound Quality Assurance System and are technically competent.
3. Increase of confidence in Testing / Calibration data and personnel performing work.
4. Customers can search and identify the laboratories accredited by NABL for their specific
requirements from the directory of Accredited Laboratories.
5. Users of accredited laboratories will enjoy greater access for their products, in both
domestic and international markets, when tested by accredited laboratories.
6. Proficiency testing providers play an important role in the value chain for assurance of
products and services. Being an accredited PTP gives the organization credibility for their
PT services. The benefits of proficiency testing are widely recognized. These include
 Comparison of a facility’s performance with that of other participating (peer)
facilities.
 Monitoring of a long-term facility performance.
 Improvement in the performance of tests/calibrations following investigation and
identification of the cause(s) of unsatisfactory PT performance, and the
introduction of corrective action to prevent re-occurrence.
 Evaluation of methods, including the establishment of method precision and
accuracy.
 Confidence building with interested parties, e.g. customers, accreditation bodies,
regulators.
NABL Accreditation is currently given in the following fields and disciplines:

 Biological
 Chemical·
 Electrical
 Electronics
 Fluid-Flow
 Mechanical
 Non-Destructive Testing
 Radiological
 Thermal
 Forensic

GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES (GLP)

Definition: GLP embodies a set of principles that provides a framework within which laboratory
studies are planned performed, monitored, and archived and reported.

Purpose of GLPs:

1. GLP is to certify that every step of the analysis is valid or Not.
2. Assure the quality & integrity of data submitted to FDA in support of the safety of
regulated products.
3. GLPs have heavy emphasis on data recording, record & specimen retention.

GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES PRINCIPLES.

1. Test Facility Organisation and Personnel.
2. Quality Assurance Programme(QAP).
3. Facilities.
4. Apparatus, Material and Reagents.
5. Test systems.
6. Test and Reference Substances.
7. Standard Operating Procedures(SOP).
8. Performance of The Study.
9. Reporting of Study Results.
10. Storage and Retention of Records and materials.

Benefits of good laboratory practices:

1. It will give better image of company as a Quality producer in Global market.
2. Provide hot tips on analysis of data as well as measure uncertainty and perfect record
keeping.
3. Provide guidelines for doing testing and measurement in detail.
4. Provide guidelines and better control for maintenance of instruments, environment
control, preservation of test records etc.
REFERENCES:

1. Text book of Total Quality Management by L.Suganthi and Anand A.Samuel,2nd
edition,2005,page no.49-61.
2. Total Quality Management by R.S Nagarajan, A.A.Arivalangar,new age international
publishers,1st edition,2009,page no.21.
3. www.slideshare.com/tqm in pharma industry.
4. http://www.pharmatips.in/Articles/Quality-Assurance/Change-Control-Procedure-In-
Pharmaceuticals.aspx
5. https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2010/03/sop-for-out-of-specification-
oos.html#gsc.tab=0
6. Lachman L, Hanna SA, Lin K. Quality control and assurance. In: Lachman L, Lieberman
HA Kanig JL. (Eds.). The Theory and Practice of Industrial Prarmacy. 2nd Ed., Verghese
Publishing House, Bombay. 1976. p. 804-855.
7. A consise text book of QC&QA concept and philosophy of TQM page no:7 to 10
RANBABU CHERUKURI.
8. www. http://www.qualitytraningportal.com/
9. Howard S Galton, Quality management; 3rd edition; Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited; New Delhi; page no: 315-325.
10. www.qasign.com/_._/Philip Crosby_concepts_of_quality improvement.
BP 702 T (Industrial Pharmacy II) Theory

Unit V

Indian Regulatory Requirements

Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) and state licensing authority:
Organization and Responsibilities, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product (COPP), Regulatory
requirements and approval procedures of New drugs.

Prepared By-

Prof (Dr) Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
Professor and Director
The Pharmaceutical College Barpali

Abbreviations

DRA- Drug Regulatory authority
CDSCO- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization
DCGI – Drugs Controller General of India
DTAB- Drug Technical Advisory Board
DCC- Drug Consultative Committee
DC Act- Drug and Cosmetic Act
FDC- Fixed Dose Combinations
SEC- Subject Expert Committee
NDAC- New Drug Advisory Committees
SDRA- State Drug Regulatory Authorities
CDTL- Central Drugs Testing Laboratories
COPP- Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product
QSE- Quality, safety and efficacy
GMP- Good manufacturing practices
MAH- Marketing authorizations holders
API- Active pharmaceutical ingredients
OTC- Over the counter drug
ICH- International Conference on Harmonization
Introduction-

The drug regulatory authority (DRA) is the agency that develops and implements most of the
legislation and regulations on pharmaceuticals. Its main task is to ensure the quality, safety and
efficacy of drugs, and the accuracy of product information. This is done by making certain
rules that the manufacture, procurement, import, export, distribution, supply and sale of drugs,
product promotion and advertising, and clinical trials are carried out according to specified
standards.

Functions of Regulatory Authority:

 Product registration (drug evaluation and authorization, and monitoring of drug
efficacy and safety.
 Regulation of drug manufacturing, importation, and distribution.
 Regulation & Control of drug promotion and information.
 Adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring.
 Licensing of premises, persons and practices.
 Main goal of drug regulation is to guarantee the safety, efficacy and quality of drugs.

Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)-

Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) exercises regulatory control over the
quality of drugs, cosmetics and notified medical devices in the country. The CDSCO of India
is main regulatory body for regulation of pharmaceutical, medical devices and Clinical Trials.

It is the Central Drug Authority for discharging functions assigned to the Central Government
under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Its Head quarter is located at FDA Bhawan, Kotla Road,
New Delhi and functions under the Directorate General of Health Services, ministry of health
and family welfare Government of India.

It is divided into zonal offices which do pre-licensing and post-licensing inspections, post-
market surveillance, and recalls when needed.

Vision: To Protect & Promote Health in India

Mission: To safeguard and enhance the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and
quality of drugs, cosmetics and medical devices.

Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI)
• He/she is a responsible for approval of New Drugs, Medical devices and Clinical Trails to be
conducted in India.

• He is appointed by the central government under the DCGI the State drug control organization
will be functioning.

• The DCGI is advised by the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and the Drug
Consultative Committee (DCC).

The DCGI is responsible for handling matters of product approval and approval standards,
clinical trials, introduction of new drugs, and import licenses for new drugs. A drug may be
licensed for manufacturing in a state only once it has been approved by CDSCO.

Process of drug regulation

The DC Act entrusts CDSCO with the responsibility for the approval of new drugs, and the
conduct of clinical trials in the country, as well as laying down the standards for drugs,
controlling the quality of imported drugs, oversight over the SDRAs, and an advisory role in
ensuring uniformity in the enforcement of the DC Act itself.

CDSCO approves new drugs based on a combination of non-clinical data, clinical trial data
(focusing on safety and efficacy) from abroad as well as in India, and the regulatory status of
the drug in other countries. The law around new drug approvals is contained in Rules 122 A,
122 B, 122D, 122 DA, 122 DAA, 122 DAB, 122 DAC, 122 DB, 122 DD and 122 E of
Schedule-Y of the DC Rules. The law permits a waiver of requiring local clinical trials if the
Licensing Authority decides it is in the public interest to grant permission to import /
manufacture the new drug on the basis of data available from other countries. In special
circumstances, such as drugs required in life threatening / serious diseases or diseases of special
relevance to the Indian health scenario, the law permits the Licensing Authority to abbreviate,
defer or omit clinical data requirements altogether.

Applications for approval of New Drugs are evaluated by the 12 Subject Expert Committee
(SEC) (formerly referred to as New Drug Advisory Committees (NDAC), consisting of experts
usually drawn from Government Medical Colleges and Institutes across India. The approval or
otherwise is granted based on the recommendations of these committees. Overall, this has put
considerable cloud over the new drugs approval and regulatory process in India, and with the
ban being issued by the government rather than by CDSCO, this particularly casts a shadow
on the legitimacy of CDSCO as a regulatory body.
Besides approval, the other important regulatory roles are regarding licensing and inspections.
Sections 22 and 23 of the DC Act give the Drug Inspectors (DI) the power to inspect premises
manufacturing or selling drugs or cosmetics and take samples of any drug or cosmetic in
exchange of its fair price and a written acknowledgement. Where the sample has been taken
for testing or analysis, the DI must inform about its purpose in writing to the owner of the
premises. The provisions also direct the DI to divide the samples into four (three, if taken from
the manufacturer) properly sealed portions or take as many units of the drug. The Government
Analyst under Section 25 of the DC Act must then prepare a signed report which is then taken
to be a conclusive fact upon the standard of quality of the drug. These provisions are
complemented by the DC Rules which elaborate on the duties of the Government Analyst, the
Drug Inspector and the Licensing Authority.

In 2017, the DC Rules were amended, making it mandatory that before the grant of
manufacturing license, the manufacturing establishment is to be inspected jointly by the Drug
Inspectors of both the central government and the concerned state government. The amendment
also made a similar joint inspection mandatory for manufacturing premises for not less that
once every three years or as needed per the risk-based approach. Recently, the DTAB has
recommended amending the DC Act to authorize Licensing Authorities to issue stop-sale
orders for drug retailers. Earlier, this power to issue stop-sale orders was available to the
Licensing Authorities in cases of manufacturing non-compliances only.

Organization of CDSCO

Organizational Structure

Ministry of Health

CDSCO

Drugs Controller General of India

Deputy Drugs Controller (India)

Assistant Drugs Controller (India)

Medical Device Division Diagnostic Division

Drug Technical Data Drug Technical Data
Inspectors Associates Inspectors Associates
CDSCO

Drugs Controller General of India

Head Zonal Sub-Zonal Port
Laboratory
Quarter Office Office Office

New Drug Testing of
GMP Audits GMP Audits
CLAA Import Drug Samples
Coordination Coordination
Imports Export Validation of
with States with States
DTAB/DCC Test protocol

Zonal offices

• Mumbai
• Kolkata
• Chennai
• Ghaziabad
• Ahemdabad
• Hyderabad
The zonal offices work in close collaboration with the State Dug Control Administration and
assist them in securing uniform enforcement of the drug act and other connected leistations, on
all India basis. These are involved in GMP audits and inspection of manufacturing units of
large volume parental, sera, vaccine and blood products.

Sub-zonal office:

I. Chandigarh
II. Jammu
III. Bangalore

These centre co-ordinate with state drug control authorities under their jurisdiction for uniform
standard of inspection and enforcement.

Functions of Port Offices of CDSCO
•Scrutiny of bills of entry with a view to ensuring that imported drugs comply with the
regulations. •To check the shipping bills for export for statistical data and keep control under
the regulations

•To ensure that no New Drug is imported into the country unless its import is permitted by the
Drugs Licensing Authority under Rules 122 A & 30-AA.

•To ensure that small quantities of drugs imported for clinical trials or for personal use are duly
permitted under Test License (11 or 11-A) or Permit License as (12 B) as the case may be.
•Maintenance of Statistics regarding import and export of drugs and cosmetics.

•Coordination with Customs authorities.

•Coordination with States Drugs Controllers and Zonal Offices for post-import checks.
•Preparation of monthly / quarterly / annual reports.

•To draw samples from import/export and re-import consignments.

Central Drugs Testing Laboratories (CDTL)

• Central Drug Laboratory, Kolkata

• Central Drug Testing Laboratory, Mumbai

• Central Drug Testing Laboratory, Chennai

• Central Drug Laboratory, Kasauli

• Regional Drug Testing Laboratory, Guwahati

• Regional Drug Testing Laboratory, Chandigarh

These laboratories are established under the Indian Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1940 and
responsible for quality control of drugs and cosmetics in the country.

The functions of this laboratories include:

1. Statutory functions:
a) Analytical quality control of majority of the imported drug available in Indian market.
b) Acting as an Appellate authority in matters of disputes relating to quality of Drugs.
c) Laying down standards of drugs, cosmetics, diagnostics and devices.
d) Laying down regulatory measures, amendments to Acts and Rules.
e) To regulate market authorisation of new drugs.
f) To regulate clinical research in India.
g) To approve licenses to manufacture certain categories of drugs as Central
Licence approving Authority i.e. for Blood Banks, Large Volume Parenteral and
Vaccines & Sera.
h) To regulate the standards of imported drugs.
i) Work relating to the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and Drugs
Consultative Committee (DCC).
j) Testing of drugs by Central Drugs Labs
k) Publication of Indian Pharmacopoeia.
2. Other functions:
i) Collection, storage and distribution of International Standard reference preparations
of Drug & Pharmaceutical substances.
ii) Training of Drug Analysts deputed by State Drug Control Laboratories and other
Institutions.
iii) To advise the Central Drug Control Administration in respect of quality & toxicity
of drug awaiting licence.
iv) To work out analytical specifications for preparation of Monographs for the Indian
Pharmacopeia & the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of India.
v) Monitoring in the WHO GMP certification scheme.
vi) Screening of drug formulations available in Indian market.
vii) Evaluation /screening of applications for granting NOC for export of unapproved
/banned drugs.

Functions of CDSCO in Centre

 Approval of new drugs and clinical trials.
 Import Registration and Licensing
 Licensing of Blood Banks, LVPs, Vaccines, r-DNA products and some Medical
devices and Diagnostic agents.
 Amendment to D&C Act and Rules.
 Participation in WHO GMP certification schemes.
 Banning of drugs and cosmetics.
 Grant to test license, personal license, NOC’s for export.
 Testing of drugs by Central Labs.
 Publication of Indian Pharmacopoeia.
 Monitoring adverse drug reactions.
 Guidance on Technical matters.

Responsibilities of Central Authority

CDSCO: For implementing and to revise the same as notified, from time to time by the
authority.

• Initiate in framing of rules, regulations and guidance documents to match the contemporary
issues in compliance with the requirements of Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945.

• Facilitate in Uniform implementation of the provisions of the Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940
and Rules 1945.

• Function as Central license Approving Authority under the provisions of Drugs and
Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945.

• Collaboration with other similar International agencies. • Providing training to the Indian
regulatory personnel.

• Approval of New Drugs

•Clinical Trials in the country

•Laying down the standards for Drugs

•Control over the quality of imported Drugs

•Coordination of the activities of State Drug CO

• Providing expert advice with a view of bringing about the uniformity in the enforcement of
the Drugs and Cosmetics Act

Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB)

Ex-Officio:

(i) Director General of Health Services (Chairman)
(ii) Drugs Controller, India
(iii) Director of the Central Drugs Laboratory, Calcutta
(iv) Director of the Central Research Institute, Kasauli
(v) President of Medical Council of India
(vi) President of the Pharmacy Council of India
(vii) Director of Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow

Nominated:

1) Two persons by the Central Government.

2) One person by the Central Government from the pharmaceutical industry

3) Two persons holding the appointment of Government Analyst under this Act,

Elected:

1) One person, to be elected by the Executive Committee of the Pharmacy Council of India,

2) One person, to be elected by the Executive Committee of the Medical Council of India,

3) One pharmacologist to be elected by the Governing Body of the Indian Council of Medical
Research;

4) One person to be elected by the Central Council of the Indian Medical Association;

5) One person to be elected by the Council of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association

Function:

To advise the Central Government and the State Governments on technical matters. To carry
out the other functions assigned to it by this Act.

The Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC)

 It is also an advisory body constituted by central government.
Constitution:
 Two representatives of the Central Government
 One representative of each State Government

Functions:

 To advise the Central Government, the State Governments and the Drugs Technical
Advisory Board on any other matter tending to secure uniformity throughout India
in the administration of this Act.
 There is separate “The Ayurvedic, Siddha, & Unani Drugs Consultative Committee
constituted under sec 33 D of the Act.
STATE DRUGS CONTROL ORGINATION

DRUGS DRUGS TESTING LABORATORY
CONTROLLER/COMMISSIONER

DEPUTY DRUGS CONTROLLER GOVT. ANALYST

DRUG INSPECTOR ANALYST

SUPPORTING STAFF SUPPORTING STAFF

State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAs) established under the DC Act are responsible
for licensing of manufacturing establishments and sale premises, undertaking inspections of
such premises to ensure compliance with license conditions, drawing samples for testing and
monitoring of quality of drugs, taking actions like suspension/cancellation of licenses,
surveillance over sale of spurious and adulterated drugs, instituting legal prosecution when
required, and monitoring of objectionable advertisements for drugs.

The State Drug Controller (SDC) heads the SDRA and reports to a joint secretary in the health
department of the state government. A typical SDRA has Drug Inspectors reporting to the
Deputy Drugs Controller who also acts as the Licensing Authority for the state. Administrative
matters such as departmental budgeting, appointments, training of officers, and allotment of
funds and resources for inspections, falls under the jurisdiction of the state governments. This
report found that a number of SDRAs were conjoined with the food regulatory departments
(FDAs) of the state, making it difficult to clearly demarcate the available funds and resources
between the two.

Function of State Licensing Authorities

1.Licensing of drug manufacturing and sales establishments

2. Licensing of drug testing laboratories.

3. Approval of drug formulations for manufacture.
4. Monitoring of quality of Drugs & Cosmetics, manufactured by respective state units
and those marketed in the state.

5. Investigation and prosecution in respect of contravention of legal provisions.

6. Administrative actions.

7. Pre- and post- licensing inspection

8. Recall of sub-standard drugs.

Responsibilities of State Authority

• Manufacturing, sales, distribution of Drugs licensing drug testing laboratories.

• Approving drug formulations for manufacture

• Carrying out pre- and post-licensing inspections

• Overseeing the manufacturing process for drugs manufactured by respective state units and
those marketed in the state
Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product (COPP)

Definition-

The WHO Certification Scheme for a Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product (COPP) is an
international voluntary agreement to provide assurance to countries participating in the
Scheme, about the quality of pharmaceutical products moving in international commerce.

Certificate of pharmaceutical product is a scheme developed by the WHO in response to the
request of WHO Member States to facilitate international trade in pharmaceutical products
between Member States. It was first developed in 1975. Since then it has been revised in 1988,
1992and in 1997.

Purpose-

A COPP is in the format recommended by the WHO. It is the importing country who requires
the COPP for the pharmaceutical product and a special type of certificate which enables a given
pharmaceutical product to be registered and marketed in the exporting country of interest and
forms parts of the marketing authorization application.

This certificate describes the characteristics of the medicinal product approved in the exporting
country, includes information about the applicant of the certificate and is according with the
model recommended by the World Health Organization. This is a certificate issued by the
Inspectorate establishing the status of the pharmaceutical, biological, radiopharmaceutical or
veterinary product listed and the GMP status of the fabricator of the product.

Ideally, a COPP should not be required in countries that have the capabilities to conduct full
reviews. The COPP should be used when a pharmaceutical product is under consideration for
a product licence/marketing authorisation or when administrative action is required to renew,
extend or vary such a licence.

Aim and Scope-

The COPP is the legal document that declares a certain manufacturing company is legally
allowed to sell their pharmaceutical product in the country they are producing. When
registering a pharmaceutical product overseas, the Government body in charge of approving
the application will usually require a COPP to ensure that the product is being sold as a
commercial finished product in the country that is producing it.
A COPP demonstrates in question that the imported medicine is of the appropriate standard of
quality, safety and efficacy to allow marketing in their market, having undergone rigorous
testing and examination to Regulatory Authorities in the exporting country and also
demonstrates that it follows the correct guidelines and procedures of Good Manufacturing
Practice (GMP), increasing the level of quality and indeed safety of the product. The COPP is
needed when the product tends that it is intended for registration or its renewal (licensing,
authorization or prolongation)) by the importing country, with the scope that the product is
distributed or commercialized in that country.

Certification has been recommended by WHO to help undersized drug regulatory authorities
or drug regulatory authorities without proper quality assurance facilities in importing countries
to assess the quality of pharmaceutical products as prerequisite of registration or importation.

Need & Importance of COPP:

To obtain global marketing approval for any pharmaceutical product (whether intended for
animal/human use) one of the key documents required is a COPP, which has been
recommended by the WHO. A COPP is issued by the authorized body of the exporting country
and is intended for use by the competent authority within an importing country: when a
pharmaceutical product is under consideration for a product license/marketing authorization
that will authorize its importation and sale in the importing country; when administrative action
is required to renew, extend vary or review such license.

A COPP is issued for human drugs (pharmaceutical, biological and radiopharmaceutical) as
well as for veterinary drugs (food producing animals and non-food producing animals). For
each medicinal product (Trade Name / Pharmaceutical Form / Strength) is issued a certificate
stating the country to export. These Certificates are issued to the marketing authorizations
holders (MAH) for medicinal products (with valid Marketing Authorization) or their
representatives, manufacturers (without Marketing Authorization and with manufacturing
authorization valid) or wholesale distributor authorized by the MAH to consult the information
for the medicinal product(s)

Types of COPP:

1)WHO 1975 type COPP-

The WHO 1975 version is a certificate to be issued by exporting country regulatory authority
stating: a) the authorized product has to be placed on the market for its use in the country also,
the permit number and issue date, or b) that the nonauthorized product has placed on the market
for its use in the country and also add the reasons why it is needed; Also, that; a) As
recommended by World Health Organization, the manufacturer of product conforms to GMP
requirements. b) only within the country of origin the products to be sold or distributed; or c)
To be exported to manufacturing plant where the product is produced and at suitable intervals
subject to inspections.

2) WHO 1988 type COPP-

Unlike the WHO 1975 version, the competent authority of the exporting country should have:
all labelling copies and product detailed information in the country of origin.

3) WHO 1992 type COPP-

This is intended for use by the competent authority of an importing country in two situations:
a) When the question arises related to importation and sale license; and b) For license renew,
extend, review or changes.

The following information required for the certificate:

i) Whether a licensed product is required to be placed on the market or not.
ii) Also if the satisfied information submitted by the applicant that the certifying
authority of the manufacture of the product undertaken by another party
iii) iii) Inspection have been carried out of the manufacturer of product;
iv) If the certificate is provisional or permanent;
v) Is the dosage forms, packages and/or labels of a finished dosage form manufactured
by an independent company or by the applicant;
vi) states the names of the importing and exporting (certifying) countries

Here besides three types of COPPs also we have another specific type of the U.S. FDA COPPs.
The U.S. FDA issued “Pilot- COPP” for the remaining products which are neither exported nor
manufactured in the United States. It is only when no other country has given an approval for
the finished medicinal product registration.

Content of the COPP

A CPP has two distinct parts: a) Evidence of quality, safety, and efficacy (QSE) Review and
b) Evidence of Compliance with GMP.

Content and format
 Importing country:
 Exporting country:
 Name, form of dosage and its composition of the product (API per unit dose).
 Registration Information (licensing)
 Marketing status of the product in the exporting country.
 license no. of product (containing license holder details; involvement of license holder
in manufacturing if any) and also add date of issue,
 Summary of technical basis on which the product has been licensed (if required by the
issuing authority)
 Currently marketed product’s information
 Details about the product’s applicant
 If lacking is there in the exporting country, need to mention the information about
reasons.
Key challenges of the interpretation of the COPP scheme
 Difference in product names between certifying and requesting countries.
 The COPP confirms GMP status, additional GMP certificates should not be necessary.
 The COPP is a legal document, additional apostille and/or legalization should not be
requested.
 Requirements for the ‘country of origin’ or ‘source country’ have multiple definitions
and should be clarified as it could refer to the country of any one of the following: first
approval or marketing, manufacture, packaging, final release, or main headquarters of
the pharmaceutical company.
 The COPP provides evidence of a positive QSE review in the issuing country. A full
dossier should not be requested.
 The scheme refers only to the manufacturer of the dosage form but some importing
countries require additional manufacturers to be listed.
 The COPP issued is a snapshot of the Market Authorization (MA) in the issuing country
and may not necessarily reflect the entire situation in the importing country.
Advantages of the scheme
 To grow business in foreign country, necessary to obtain the COPP certificates by
pharmaceutical companies.
 The Scheme provides the standard format that is expected to be used.
 Enables recipient COPP countries to gain assurance on the QSE of the product in
the issuing country.
 Obliges certifying authorities to disclose important information to the importing
country.
 By supporting the review and approval process it facilitates patient access to quality
medicines.
The COPP may be required to support a regulatory submission. This can be submitted
at the beginning of, or during the health authority review. According to the WHO
Scheme, COPPs should not be required in countries that require full ICH CTD dossiers
and have the capability to conduct full QSE reviews.
The COPP only reflects the approved manufacturing sourcing route of the certifying
country.
Most recipient authorities expect that the drug product they will receive mirrors that
which has been approved by the authority issuing the COPP. When developing a global
submission strategy COPP requirements are considered early during the planning
phase. If required HAs should be open to discussion in advance of the regulatory
submission to give advice and agree on the content of the submission including the
COPP to move forward as quickly possible.
Certificate of a pharmaceutical product
This certificate, which is in the format recommended by WHO, establishes the status
of the pharmaceutical product and of the applicant for the certificate in the exporting
country. It is for a single product only since manufacturing arrangements and approved
information for different dosage forms and different strengths can vary.
The COPP provides the information of the following:
1. Certificate number of COPP: The certificate number of COPP should be enclosed
in the specified format recommended by WHO.
2. Name of exporting country i.e. (certifying country): The name of the country
(certified country) to which the product is being exported must be mentioned in the
certificate.
3. Name of importing country i.e. (requesting country): The name of the countries
(requesting countries) from which the product is being imported from certified country
must be mentioned in the certificate.
4. Name and dosage form of the product:
Table No.1: Essentials of Product
Active ingredient International Non-proprietary Names (INNs) or
national non-proprietary names
Amount per unit dose The formula (complete composition) of the dosage
form should be given on the certificate or be
appended.
Complete composition including Details of quantitative composition are preferred
excipients but their provision is subject to the agreement of the
product-license holder.
Is this product licensed to be When applicable, append details of any restriction
placed on the market for use in applied to the sale, distribution or administration of
the exporting country?(yes/no) the product that is specified in the product license.

5. Status of the product actually on the market in the exporting country:
If the product is actually marketed in the exporting country, the COPP should be
provided with the following details:
 Number of product license and date of issue: Indicate, when applicable, if the
license is provisional, or the product has not yet been approved.
 Product license holder (name and address):
 Status of product license holder:
Specify whether the person responsible for placing the product on the market:
a) manufactures the dosage form;
b) packages and/or labels a dosage form manufactured by an independent
company; or
c) is involved in none of the above.
 For categories b and c the name and address of the manufacturer producing
the dosage form is This information can only be provided with the consent of
the product-license holder or, in the case of non-registered products, the
applicant. Non-completion of this section indicates that the party concerned has
not agreed to inclusion of this information. It should be noted that information
concerning the site of production is part of the product license. If the production
site is changed, the license has to be updated or it is no longer valid.
 Is a summary basis for approval appended? (yes/no)
This refers to the document, prepared by some national regulatory authorities,
that summarizes the technical basis on which the product has been licensed.
 Is the attached, officially approved product information complete and consonent
with the license? (yes/no/not provided)
This refers to product information approved by the competent national
regulatory authority, such as Summary Product Characteristics (SPC).
 Applicant for certificate, if different from license holder (name and address)
In this circumstance, permission for issuing the certificate is required from the
product-license holder. This permission has to be provided to the authority by
the applicant.
6. Periodic inspection of the manufacturing plant by the certifying authority:
If the certifying authority arrange for periodic inspection of the manufacturing plant in
which the dosage form is produced, the following details were to be included in the
COPP.
 Periodicity of routine inspections (years):
 Has the manufacture of this type of dosage form been inspected? (yes/no)
 Do the facilities and operations conform to GMP as recommended by the World
Health Organization? (yes/no/not applicable)
7. The information submitted by the applicant satisfy the certifying authority on all
aspects of the manufacture of the product undertaken by another party:

This section is to be completed when the product-license holder or applicant conforms to status
(b) or (c) as described in note above. It is of particular importance when foreign contractors are
involved in the manufacture of the product. In these circumstances the applicant should supply
the certifying authority with information to identify the contracting parties responsible for each
stage of manufacture of the finished dosage form, and the extent and nature of any controls
exercised over each of these parties.

8. Other details of Manufacturing premises:

The following details which is to be enclosed in the COPP are,

 Address of certifying authority
 Telephone and Fax
 Name of authorized person
 Signature
 Stamp and date

How to obtain COPP?
 To obtain a COPP, a request is made to the exporting country’s health authority by the
Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH).
 An authorized person issues the COPP and returns it to the MAH. Also other documents
required to obtain a COPP including an application for Export Certificate form,
evidence of a GMP certificate (if applicable), Manufacturing License and the last
approved SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics).
Types of drugs for which COPPs may be issued
 Approved drug products
 Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)
 Over the counter drug (OTC) products
 Unapproved drug products
 Homeopathic drugs
Who can apply for COPP?
 A complete application for export certification must be submitted by the
person/company who exports the drug.
 The certification is intended for a drug which : meets the applicable requirements
of the Act or Food Drug and Cosmetic Act 801(e)(1) requirements [21
U.S.C.381(e)(1)]
Process to apply for a COPP
a) Submit Form no. 3613b– Located on the FDA internet
www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/Reports Manuals Forms/Forms/UCM052388
b) Requirements for COPP application:
 Applicant Contact Information
 Trade name (the drug product’s brand name)
 Bulk Substance Generic Name
 Name of Applicant
 Status of Product License holder
 Listing of manufacturing location on COPP
 Complete Manufacturing Facility Address
 Facility Registration Number
 Importing countries
 Authorization to Release Information
 Number of certificates requested
 Certification Statement
 Billing contact
 Marketing Status in the Exporting Country
Process Time of COPP:
 Drugs in compliance are normally issued within twenty (20) government working
days of receipt of complete and an accurate COPP application.
Certificates may not be issued
 Returned – missing information application with a letter identifying the missing
information.
 Rejected – manufacturing facilities are not in compliance with good manufacturing
practices (GMPs).
 Denied – drug products are not compliance as per regulation (e.g., misbranded drug)
Expiration of COPP
 Certificate expires on 2 years from the notarization date or as noted.  After expiry
date, a new COPP application has to be submitted.
Format of Certificate of Pharmaceutical Products (COPP) (as per WHO GMP
guidelines)
No. of Certificate: ————————————————————————-
Exporting (certifying) country: ——————————————————–
Importing (requesting) country: ——————————————————

Name and dosage form of product: —————————————————
——————————————————————-
Active ingredient(s) and amount(s) per unit dose: ————————–
—————————————————————————————————-
1.Is this product Licensed to be placed on the market for use in the exporting country? If Yes,
complete Box A. If No complete Box B.
A.
Product -license Holder (name and address): –
Status of license Holder- a/b/c (key in appropriate category)
Number of product License and date of issue: —————————–
Is an approved technical summary appended? Yes/ No
Is the attached, officially approved product information complete and consonant with the
License? Yes/no/not provided (key in as appropriate)
Applicant for certificate, if different from License holder (name and address): ——————-
—————————————————-
B.
Applicant for certificate (name and address): ————————————————-
Status of applicant: a/b/c (key in appropriate category)
Why is marketing authorization lacking?
Not required/not requested/under consideration/refused (key is as appropriate)
Remark: ——————————————————————————————–

2. Does the certifying authority arrange for periodic inspection of the manufacturing plant in
which the dosage form is produced? Yes/no/not applicable (key in as appropriate)
If no or not applicable proceed to question 3.
2.1 Periodicity of routine inspections (years): ———————————-
2.2 Has the manufacture of this type of dosage form been inspected? Yes/no (key in as
appropriate)
2.3 Do the facilities and operations conform to GMP as recommended by the World Health
Organization? 15 Yes/no (key in as appropriate)
3. Does the information submitted by the applicant satisfy the certifying authority on all aspects
of the manufacture of the product? Yes/no (key in as appropriate)
If no, explain: ——————————————————————-
Address of certifying authority: —————————————————————
—————————————————————————————– ———-
Telephone number: ———————————- Fax number: ————- ———-
Name of authorized person: —————————————————————–
Signature: —————————————————————————————
Stamp and date: ———————————————————————————-

Approval of New Drug in India

If any company in India wants to manufacture or import a new drug, they need to apply to seek
permission from the licensing authority (DCGI) by filing in Form 44 also submitting the data
as given in Schedule Y of Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945.To prove its efficacy
and safety in Indian population they need to conduct clinical trials in accordance with the
guidelines specified in Schedule Y and submit the report of such clinical trials in specified
format.

Demonstration of safety and efficacy of the drug product for use in humans is essential before
the drug product can be approved for import or manufacturing of new drug by the applicant by
Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). The regulations under Drugs and
Cosmetics Act 1940 and its rules 1945, 122A, 122B and 122D describe the information
required for approval of an application to import or manufacture of new drug for marketing.
For an investigational new drug, the sponsor needs to provide detailed information to the DCGI
about:

1. Generic name
2. Patent status
3. Brief description of physico-chemical/biological
4. Technical information like
a) Stability b) Specifications c) Manufacturing process d) Worldwide
regulatory status e) Animal pharmacology and toxicity studies
5. Published clinical trial reports
6. Proposed protocol and pro forma
7. Trial duration
8. During master file
9. Undertaking to Report Serious or Life-threatening Adverse Drug Reactions.
The information regarding the prescription, samples and testing protocols, product
monographs, labels must also be submitted. It usually takes 3 months for clinical trial approval
in India. The clinical trials can be registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI)
giving details of the clinical trials and the subjects involved in the trials. The rules to be
followed under The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945 are:

1. Rule 122 A -: Application for permission to import new drug
2. Rule 122 B- Application for approval to manufacture new drug other than the drugs
specified under Schedule C and C (1).
3. Rule 22 D- P Application for permission to import or manufacture fixed dose
combination.
4. Rule 122 DA- Application for permission to conduct clinical trials for New
Drug/Investigational New Drug
5. Rule 122 E – Definition of New Drugs*

There’s a provision in Rule-122A of Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940 and Rules 1945, that if the
licensing authority finds out that if everything is in the interest of public health then he may
allow the import of new drugs, based on the data of the trials done in other countries. Another
provision is Rule-122A is that clinical trial may be allowed in any new drug case, which are
approved and already being used for many years in other countries.

Similarly, in Rule 122-B, application for approval to manufacture New Drug other than the
drugs classifiable under Schedules C and C (1) and Permission to import or manufacture fixed
dose combination (122-D).

Purpose-

The main purpose of regulating all the medicinal products by regulatory agencies is to
safeguard public health. Regulatory agencies work is to make sure that the pharmaceutical
companies comply with al, the regulations and standards, so that the patient’s well-being is
protected.

Through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) process, the Common
Technical Document (CTD) guidance has been developed for Japan, European Union, and
United States.

Most countries have adopted the CTD format. Hence, CDSCO has also decided to adopt CTD
format for technical requirements for registration of pharmaceutical products for human use.

It is apparent that this structured application with comprehensive and rational contents will help
the CDSCO to review and take necessary actions in a better way and would also ease the
preparation of electronic submissions, which may happen in the near future at CDSCO.

New Drug Application (NDA)

New Drug Application (NDA) is an application submitted to the individual regulatory authority
for authorization to market a new drug i.e. innovative product. To gain this permission a
sponsor submits preclinical and clinical test data for analyzing the drug information,
description of manufacturing procedures.
After NDA received by the agency, it undergoes a technical screening. This evaluation ensures
that sufficient data and information have been submitted in each area to justify “filing” the
application that is FDA formal review.

At the conclusion of FDA review of an NDA, there are 3 possible actions that can send to
sponsor:

 Not approvable- in this letter list of deficiencies and explain the reason.
 Approvable – it means that the drug can be approved but minor deficiencies that can be
corrected like-labelling changes and possible request commitment to do post-approval
studies.
 Approval- it state that the drug is approved.

If the action taken is either an approvable or a not approvable, then FDA provides applicant
with an opportunity to meet with agency and discuss the deficiencies.

Different Phases of clinical trials:

 Pre- clinical study – Mice, Rat, Rabbit, Monkeys
 Phase I – Human pharmacology trial – estimation of safety and tolerability
 Phase II – Exploratory trial – estimation of effectiveness and short-term side effects
 Phase III – Confirmatory trial – Confirmation of therapeutic benefits
 Phase IV – Post marketing trial – Studies done after drug approval

Some of the rules & guidelines that should be followed for regulation of drugs in India
are:

 Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and its rules 1945
 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances -1985
 Drugs Price Control Order 1995
 Consumer Protection Act-1986
 Factories Act-1948
 Law of Contracts (Indian contract Act-1872)
 Monopolistic & Restrictive Trade Practices Act-1969
 ICH GCP Guidelines
 Schedule Y Guidelines
 ICMR Guidelines
 Registry of Trial

Stages of approval-

1. Submission of Clinical Trial application for evaluating safety and efficacy.

2. Requirements for permission of new drugs approval.

3. Post approval changes in biological products: quality, safety and efficacy documents.

4. Preparation of the quality information for drug submission for new drug approval.

1. Submission of Clinical Trial Application for Evaluating Safety and Efficacy:

All the data listed below has to be produced.

(a) Phase-I & phase- II clinical trial:
I. General information
 Introduction about company: Brief description about company
 Administrative headquarters: Provide address of company headquarters
 Manufacturing Facilities: Provide address of company headquarters
 Regulatory and intellectual property status in other countries.
 Patent information status in India & other countries
II. Chemistry manufacturing control
 Product Description: A brief description of the drug and the therapeutic class to
which it belongs.
 Product Development
 Strain details
 Information on drug substance
 Information on drug Product
III. Non-clinical data: References: schedule – Y, amendment version 2005, Drugs and
Cosmetics Rules, 1945
IV. Proposed phase-I / II studies: protocol for phase-I / II studies

(b) Phase-III clinical trial:

All the information is as same as phase-I & phase- II clinical trial
 General information
 Chemistry manufacturing control
 Non-clinical data
 Proposed phase-III studies

2.Requirements for permission of New Drugs Approval

The manufacturer / sponsor have to submit application on Form 44 for permission of New
Drugs Approval under the provisions of Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and Rules 1945. The
document design is as per the International submission requirements of Common Technical
Document (CTD) and has five Modules.

Module I: Administrative/Legal Information

This module should contain documents specific to each region; for example, application forms
or the proposed label for use in the region. The content and format of this module can be
specified by the relevant regulatory authorities.

Module II: Summaries

Module 2 should begin with a general introduction to the pharmaceutical, including its
pharmacologic class, mode of action and proposed clinical use. In general, the introduction
should not exceed one page. The introduction should include proprietary name, nonproprietary
name or common name of the drug substance, company name, dosage form(s), strength(s),
route of administration, and proposed indication(s). It contains the CTD summaries for quality,
safety, efficacy information. This module is very important, as it provides detailed summaries
of the various sections of the CTD. These include: A very short introduction. Quality overall
summary, Non clinical overview, Clinical over view, Non clinical written and tabulated
summaries for pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.

Module III: Quality information (Chemical, pharmaceutical and biological)

Information on quality should be presented in the structured format described in the guidance
M4Q. This document is intended to provide guidance on the format of a registration application
for drug substances and their corresponding drug products. It contains of all of the quality
documents for the chemistry, manufacture, and controls of the drug substance and the drug
product.

Module IV: Non-clinical information

Information on safety should be presented in the structured format described in the guidance
M4S. The purpose of this section is to present a critical analysis of the non-clinical data
pertinent to the safety of the medicinal product in the intended population. The analysis should
consider all relevant data, whether positive or negative, and should explain why and how the
data support the proposed indication and prescribing information. It gives final copy of all of
the final nonclinical study reports.

Module V: Clinical information

Information on efficacy should be presented in the structured format described in the guidance
M4E. It gives clinical summary including biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology studies, clinical efficacy, clinical safety, synopses
of the individual studies and final copy of detailed clinical study reports.

3. Preparation of the quality information for drug submission for new drug approval

1) Drug substance (name, manufacturer)

2) Characterization (name, manufacturer)

 Physicochemical characterization
 Biological characterization

3) Drug product (name, dosage form)

4) Control of drug product (name, dosage form)

5) Appendices

 Facilities and equipment (name, manufacturer)
 Safety evaluation adventitious agents (name, dosage form, manufacturer).

Fees for Clinical Trial/Approval of New Drugs

• Phase I (IND) -Rs. 50000

• Phase II (IND) -Rs.25000

• Phase III(IND) -Rs.25000

• Approval of New Molecule -Rs.50000

• Approved New Drug: Within 1 Yr of approval -Rs.50000

After 1yr of approval -Rs.15000
• Approval of New claim, New Dosage form etc.Rs.15000

Applicant

Application to Ethical IND application filling to
Committee CDSCO Head Quarter

Report to Ethical Examination by New Drug
Committee Division

If positive Detail review by IND
Committee
within 12 weeks

Recommendation to DCGI

IND Application Approved

Clinical Trial started

Application for new drug
Registration to CDSCO

Review by DCGI
If not complete If complete
Refused to grant license License is granted

Fig. 1. Drug Approval process in India
Reference-

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